This article gives a preliminary account of seventeen small parchment fragments, which have been the subject of detailed study by members of the team of the Projet Volterra since the end of 2009. The fragments have been identified as coming from a legal text in Latin, indeed possibly all from the same page, written in a fifth-century uncial book-hand, but with some numeration and glosses in Gre...

Islamic finance is a prohibitions-driven industry, which aims primarily to circumvent the canonical Islamic prohibitions of riba and gharar. The concepts of riba and gharar may best be understood as unbundled sales of credit and risk, respectively. An obvious solution is to adopt mutual structures for financial intermediaries of credit (e.g. banks) and risk (e.g. insurance companies), as early ...

Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have changed our understanding of procreation in drastic and fundamental ways. Most importantly, by transforming reproduction from being a natural vivo function into technical vitro process, ARTs introduced solutions to many infertility problems increased the degree control over results that process. They equally raised numerous ethical, legal, social q...

s those ideas which lie at the base of his conception of social relations. These fundamental ideas are properly termed the " legal institutions" of the country. A legal institution simply denotes an all prevailing idea of social relations, which idea, growing out of the deep rooted customs of the community, is the foundation for numerous "rules of action." The modern idea of the marriage relati...

The coronavirus pandemic and its economic consequences, in terms of the monetisation dramatically increasing public debts a sudden output collapse, have rekindled debates that are never entirely dormant on political consequences traumatic, globally relevant events. present has frequently been compared to large-scale war, attention devoted both. fiscal monetary policy response crisis evoked, par...

The earliest descriptions of Latin finger alphabets were recorded in southern Europe between 1579 and 1589. New literary and visual evidence for sixteenth-century Ottoman Arabic and Ottoman Turkish sign systems are presented and analyzed in this article. AlJāḥ iẓ (d. 869), a famous author of Arabic literature and theology in Abbasid-era Iraq, counted signs (in Arabic, ishārāt) among the five me...

THISARTtcLE EXAMINES DISC:OURSES IN THE academic and information science literature that attempt to justify and promote, to criticize and resist, or to explain and interpret transformational social change. These discussions represent one face of a much larger wave of popular and technical discourse that has arisen in response to pressures put on currently dominant institutions by the processes ...

In this paper, an analysis is made of the increasingly active role of electronic agents, especially intelligent agents, in the negotiation and formation of contracts. Among the different doctrinal solutions that might be applicable is to consider conferring some degree of legal personality on agents or, at the other extreme, to treat them as mere communication tools. Another alternative discuss...

The aim of this paper is to review the performance of the family planning program initiated in 1989 in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Following a quick look at the family planning program that existed before the Revolution (1967-1979), the paper documents the fate of the program during the first decade after the Islamic Revolution (1979-1988) and its official revival in 1989. It is shown that th...