Abstract With strategic litigation, lawyers and public interest NGOs have sought to bring socio-structural problems before courts around the world for many years. In doing so, they (a) initiate legally substantiated lawsuits that (b) pursue goals beyond a legal process’ “success” (c) address considerable political issues. Litigation strategists often strive realise judicial enforcement of human...

one of the modern phenomena in human societies is having children from a rented womb in which the woman who is owner of the womb, bears sperm of another person in her womb and after spending pregnancy period, delivers the newborn child to the couple owning the gamete on based on presigned contract. there are a few statements in the juridical laws of many countries among them iran concerning thi...

muslim scholars and islamic official institutions consider human cloning as opposing religious doctrine, and forbidden. their ideas are based upon some theological and juridical arguments, including: posing a challenge to the creative power of god, breaking the tradition of marriage, breaking the tradition of diversity in creatures or species, making changes in divine creatures, game with creat...

infanticide is a horrendous crime universally condemned from all ethical, juridical and moral standpoints. however, legislation on infanticide foresees mitigating circumstances for infanticidal mothers, with sentences by far disproportionate to the severity of the crime. the main justification for this abstaining from severe punishments has been the so-called post puerperal psychosis, whose dia...

Why do people volunteer? What makes people give their time for others? Is volunteering really for those who are in need or volunteers themselves? While the idea of the gift and gift exchange is often used by practitioners of volunteering, it is also one of the research areas to which anthropology has largely contributed over decades. Gift exchange is a significant social phenomenon which reflec...