This paper examines the impact of various trade policies for small developing states in the face of a changing world, including globalization, proliferation of regional integration agreements (RIAs), the changing relationship between ACP countries and the EU (the Cotonou Agreement), the erosion of ACP preferences in the EU market, the EBA, and the FTAA negotiations. The paper concludes that: i)...

This paper examines Generalised Purchasing Power Parity (G-PPP) across three regions whose constituent countries are closely linked economically and have been affected by a financial crisis. G-PPP is particularly appropriate when interdependence is high and this is examined using the Johansen multivariate cointegration procedure. The extent of convergence towards G-PPP is assessed in the preand...

This research uses multivariate cointegration analysis to assess the degree . of competition in the U.S. natural gas industry following the move to open access pipeline transportation. The testing methodology allows multiple nodes in the pipeline network to be analyzed simultaneously and is based on recent advances by Johansen (1988, 1991) and Johansen and Juselius (1990) on estimation and hypo...

Recent studies on air-breathing fish have shown that different species are adapted in varying degrees for gaseous exchange in both water and air. In the lungfishes these differences are correlated with different degrees of development of the gills, the efficiency of the lung in gas exchange, and the respiratory properties of the blood (Lenfant, Johansen & Grigg, 1966; Johansen & Lenfant, 1967, ...

The paper aims at empirically investigating the long-run explanatory power of environmental quality and energy intensity towards aggregate health spending volumes for a set 108 countries. significance CO2-related pollution levels as determinants is well-evident, proven from modern pooled data econometric procedures applied. Keeping in view previous research on subject, sample countries disaggre...

The year 2020, so far, has been relentlessly wreaking havoc on the very concept of life and work as we know them. This unprecedented event unfolding multiple worst-case scenarios all fronts our society eclipsed almost every other natural disasters modern world pushing humanity verge tipping point. Up to now, more than 29 million people have infected 1000 thousand lost their lives because COVID-...

Climate change is one of the greatest threats 21st century due to its global economic, social, and environmental causes consequences, which affect developing countries a greater extent. It worrying that climate models project temperature increase more than 2 °C if current trend in emissions continues, so it necessary progressively reduce annual flow from approximately seven tons two per capita ...