BACKGROUND Data on contributors to between-individual variability in overall tramadol clearance and O-demethyl tramadol (M1) formation in preterm neonates and young infants are limited. METHODS A population pharmacokinetic analysis of tramadol and M1 was undertaken using non-linear mixed effects model. Covariate analysis included weight, postmenstrual age (PMA), postnatal age (PNA), creatinae...

It has been suggested previously that tramadol increases central nervous system activity and 'lightens' anaesthesia with volatile agents. We assessed the effects of tramadol on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in 56 Wistar rats, instrumented chronically with an arterial and central venous catheter. The MAC of isoflurane was determined using the tail clamp method under thre...

The effects of different doses of tramadol on analgesia and electroencephalographic (EEG) spectral parameters were compared in rats. Saline or tramadol 5, 10, 20 or 40 mg/kg was administered. The degree of analgesia was evaluated by tail-flick latency, and the degree of seizure was measured using numerical seizure score (NSS). Additionally, band powers, median power frequency and spectral edge ...

Caudal block is the regional anesthetic technique that is used most frequently in pediatric surgery and bupivacaine and levobupivacaine are widely utilized in this technique. Opioid drugs have been added to local anesthetic solutions to prolong duration of analgesia but ideal combination were not found. We compared the postoperative analgesic efficacy of equal concentrations of bupivacaine or l...

Tramadol, an important non-narcotic analgesic agent, has found clinical utility in several veterinary species in addition to its well accepted human use. The availability of published data on clearance and volume of distribution of Tramadol in veterinary/laboratory animal species rendered the applicability of allometry. The results of the interspecies scaling for both clearance (2.036353W;R = 0...

The aim of this investigation was to assess the role that NO plays in the antinociceptive activity of tramadol using a rat model of neuropathic pain. Thirty male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g were randomly divided into five equal groups. The neuropathic pain model used for the study was chronic constrictive injury (CCI) model. Three weeks after the surgical procedure, each rat was tested to as...

BACKGROUND Tramadol/paracetamol is a fixed-dose combination prescribed for the relief of moderate to severe pain. The combination acts synergistically and guarantees the rapid onset of paracetamol and the prolonged analgesic effect of tramadol with good tolerability. These drugs are often used in various formulations in the treatment of patients with postoperative pain, e.g. after stomach resec...

Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic drug extensively metabolized in animal species. Its clinicalresponse is mainly due to the M1 metabolite, poorly produced in dogs. Grapefruit-juice can inhibit themetabolism of different drugs in animals and humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate thepharmacokinetics of tramadol and its major metabolites after co-administration of tramadol an...

To the Editor:—We congratulate Palmer et al. for their excellent review on pharmacogenetics of anesthetic and analgesic agents published in the March 2005 issue of ANESTHESIOLOGY. They give a worthreading introduction into basic molecular concepts and include the latest literature on pharmacogenetic aspects of anesthesia and analgesia. Because of this very comprehensive and detailed review, we ...