Increasing MTTF requires increasing reliability. In previous lectures we saw a variety of ways to do so: testing, static analysis, formal methods, etc. A highly reliable system is a highly available system. Reducing MTTR requires reducing the (mean) time it takes for the system to come back up once a failure has occurred. Once a failure occurs, we must detect it, diagnose it, and the recover th...

introduction: nowadays, hiv is mostly spreading in asian countries. one of the important routes for hiv transmission in these countries is the vertical route which infects 35% to 45% of newborns. mother’s education, drug prophylaxis and cesarean section, accompanied by banning breastfeeding will decrease this rate to 2%. therefore, mothers’ knowledge about prevention of mother to child transmis...

Abstract. The densely populated plains of the lower Indus Basin largely depend on water resources originating in mountains transboundary upper Basin. Recent studies have improved our understanding this upstream–downstream linkage and impact climate change. However, use mountainous part its hydropolitical implications been ignored. This study quantifies comparative usage, through space time, dow...