People with disabilities face many obstacles in everyday outdoor travels. One of the most notable obstacles is steep slope on sidewalk segments. Current navigation systems/services do not all support map databases with slope attributes and cannot calculate sidewalk slope in real time. In this paper, we present a technique for calculating slopes of sidewalk segments by image data and predict the...

In his seminal paper of 1905, Einstein derives the Lorentz group as being the coordinate transformations of Special Relativity, under the main assumption that all inertial frames are equivalent. In that paper, Einstein also assumes the coordinate transformations are linear. Since then, other investigators have weakened and varied the linearity assumption. In the present paper, we retain only th...

Abstract The interdisciplinary nature of knowledge is one the objectives promoted in Colombia, fostering students ability to recognize that curriculum does not work isolation; if complementary, its joint development leads better academic performance. This research oriented towards showing an application mathematical concept slope straight line physics applications, favoring understanding relati...

Several methods for representing pupil plane aberrations based on wavefront height, slope, and curvature are discussed. The choice of reference axis and reference surface is shown to strongly affect the appearance of the representation. Special attention will be paid to the use of the line of sight (the line from the fixation point to the center of the pupil) as the reference axis. We show that...

The planar slope number of a planar graph G is defined as the minimum number of slopes that is required for a crossing-free straight-line drawing of G. We show that determining the planar slope number is hard in the existential theory of the reals. We discuss consequences for drawings that minimize the planar slope number. Submitted: October 2016 Reviewed: December 2016 Revised: January 2017 Ac...

Abstract Grid questions are frequently employed in web surveys due to their assumed response efficiency. In line with this, many previous studies have found shorter times for grid compared item-by-item formats. Our contribution this literature is investigate how altering the question format affects behavior and depth of cognitive processing when answering both To answer these questions, we impl...

validation is an important enterprise especially when a test is a high stakes one. demographic variables like gender and field of study can affect test results and interpretations. differential item functioning (dif) is a way to make sure that a test does not favor one group of test takers over the others. this study investigated dif in terms of gender in the reading comprehension subtest (35 i...