Antioxidants have been shown to be effective in murine models of sepsis. Protocatechuic acid has antioxidant activity. In the present study, the protective effects of protocatechuic acid and its derivatives were investigated in a mouse model of septic shock induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/D-galactosamine (GalN). Pretreatment of animals with protocatechuic acid effectively suppressed LPS/Gal...

The microemulsion systems, both o/w and w/o, composed of isopropyl myristate, soybean lecithin (Epikuron 200), Polysorbate 80, Cremophor EL, n-butanol and triacetine, taken at various amounts and in various combinations, were tested in order to assess their physical-chemical properties. Some ingredients of the microemulsions were physiologically acceptable, except one formulation containing n-b...

BACKGROUND The effect of physical and chemical permeation enhancers on in vitro transdermal permeation of lidocaine was investigated in the horse.Therefore, the effect of six vehicles (phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 50% ethanol, 50% propylene glycol, 50% isopropylalcohol, 50% isopropylalcohol/isopropylmyristate and 50% dimethylsulfoxide) was examined as well as the effect of microneedle pretr...

Lipophilic ion-pair complexes of 3-dl-alpha-tocopherylcarbonyl-1-n-alkyl-pyridinium-cromolyn (TAP-CG) were designed to enhance the percutaneous absorption of cromolyn (CG), and the effect of n-alkyl chainlength of the ion-pair complexes on the CG permeation through hairless mouse skin was evaluated in vitro. The permeation rates of CG were examined in isopropyl myristate (IPM) suspension using ...

PURPOSE The aim of the study was to target clonazepam, a CNS active drug, to the brain through the non-invasive intranasal (in) route using of nanocarriers with proven safety METHOD in clonazepam nanocarriers were prepared by mixing isopropyl myristate, Tween 80, Cremophor EL or lecithin, polyethylene glycol 200, propylene glycol or ethanol in different ratios with water. in-vitro characteriz...

The purpose of this work was to study the effect of various permeation enhancers on the permeation of salbutamol sulphate (SS) buccal patches through buccal mucosa in order to improve the bioavailability by avoiding the first pass metabolism in the liver and possibly in the gut wall and also achieve a better therapeutic effect. The influence of various permeation enhancers, such as dimethyl sul...

The objective of the present work was to develop a metered dose transdermal spray (MDTS) formulation for transdermal delivery of dexketoprofen (DE). DE release from a series of formulations was assessed in vitro. Various qualitative and quantitative parameters like spray pattern, pump seal efficiency test, average weight per metered dose, and dose uniformity were evaluated. The optimized formul...

H(+) extrusion is important for sustained NADPH oxidase activation after "respiratory" burst in macrophage/microglia activation. In this study, we investigated the role of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoform 1 (NHE-1) in activation of microglia after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or oxygen and glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/REOX) exposure. NHE-1 functioned in maintaining basal pH(i) of immortal...

Purpose: To measure the extent of solubility of the lipophilic drug, aceclofenac, in 13 oils as well as its in vitro permeability from these oils in order to develop optimized topical microemulsion and microemulsion-based gel for improved bioavailability. Methods: UV spectrophotometeric method was used at the wavelength of 276 nm to measure the dissolved quantity of aceclofenac in each of the o...

Racemic [(±)-4-isopropyl-1-methyl-7-oxa-cis-bicyclo[4.3.0]non-4-en-8-one] and optically active δ,ε-unsaturated lactones [(-)-(1R,6R)-4-isopropyl-1-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]non-4-en-8-one and (+)-(1S,6S)-4-isopropyl-1-methyl-7-oxabicyclo[4.3.0] non-4-en-8-one)] with the p-menthane system were obtained and their odoriferous properties were evaluated. Biotransformations of the racemic lactone wit...