It is well established that all non-hysterectomised women taking oestrogen replacement therapy should receive additional progestogen to reduce the incidence of endometrial hyperplasia1–3 and cancer.4 Progestogens are either added cyclically on a monthly (sequential), or 3monthly basis (tricyclic) or continuously (period-free or no bleed). Alternative combinations such as bimonthly,5 6monthly6 a...

Candace, a 49-year-old office administrator, comes to see you for her annual periodic health examination. She reports that her periods are becoming more irregular and unpredictable. Previously her menstrual cycle was 30 days, but during the past 6 months it has been 24 to 40 days. Her menses have been heavy since her second pregnancy 21 years ago and are getting worse. During the first 2 days o...

Background: Uterus Didelphys is one of the rare cases uterine abnormalities that mostly asymptomatic until pregnancy and delivery. The present report introduces a case double uterus with separate cervix common vagina (Uterus Didelphys). Materials Methods: patient was 38-year-old woman referred to radiology clinic by gynecologist. She pregnant at time; however, she had history repeated miscarria...

Hyperthyroidism is a rare complication of molar pregnancy. Perioperative management in hyperthyroidism treatment needs comprehensive approach. A 23-year-old woman with pregnancy at 11 weeks gestation was consulted for perioperative consultation an emergency dilatation and curettage by the obstetrics gynecology department. She had chief complaint intermittent light bleeding from vagina two ago. ...

BACKGROUND Uterine cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women in the UK, with approximately 7700 new diagnoses and 1700 deaths annually. AIM To identify and quantify features of uterine cancer in primary care. DESIGN AND SETTING Case-control study using electronic primary care records in primary care in the UK. METHOD Putative features of uterine cancer were identified in the year b...

BACKGROUND Women using progestogen-only contraceptives are commonly troubled by irregular bleeding. Endometrial vessel breakdown and repair is thought to be locally regulated under the indirect influence of sex steroids. Most information about endometrial vessels is derived from blind biopsies taken in an outpatient setting. Hysteroscopy allows in-vivo observation of the whole endometrial surfa...

BACKGROUND The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) is an effective contraceptive and has many non-contraceptive health benefits. However, it is commonly associated with irregular endometrial bleeding. Metalloproteinases contribute to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling and regulate bleeding during the menstrual cycle. Enhanced metalloproteinase expression participates in t...

Background: The term "abnormal uterine bleeding" (AUB) refers to bleeding from the uterus that is either more than usual, occurs for a longer amount of time normal, or at an irregular time. All three these factors can contribute AUB. AUB affect persons any age and manifest itself in variety ways. It also one most common reasons patients go see their physicians because it presenting complaint sy...

Mucormycosis is an invasive and aggressive opportunistic fungal infection that usually presents with rhinocerebral or pulmonary involvement and rarely involves the gastrointestinal tract. The disease is acute with mortality rate up to 100%. A 68-year-old male was undergoing treatment at a local hospital for COPD exacerbation with IV steroids and antibiotics. Two weeks into his treatment he sudd...