Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADAs) are one of the markers of islet cell autoimmunity and are sometimes present before the onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D). GADA can be present in Graves' patients without diabetes; however, the outcome of GADA-positive Graves' patients is not fully understood, and the predictive value of GADA for the development of T1D in Graves' patients remains to be...

Extraocular muscle biopsies from normal individuals and five patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. Fibroblasts in normal extraocular muscle as well as Graves' extraocular muscles expressed HLA-class II antigens, but the muscle cells did not. There was an increase of interstitial tissue in Graves' extraocular muscles but no visible damage to the musc...

Age is the primary risk factor for cancer. Most skin cancers occur after age 50. Most cases of prostate and breast cancer occur after age 65. The Merck Manual says that "although cancer occurs in persons of every age, it is fundamentally a disease of aging. Sixty percent of new cancer cases and two-thirds of cancer deaths occur in persons over 65 years of age." Aging is accompanied by an accumu...

This clinical report covers diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants (both breastfed and formula fed) and toddlers from birth through 3 years of age. Results of recent basic research support the concerns that iron-deficiency anemia and iron deficiency without anemia during infancy and childhood can have long-lasting detrimental effects on neurodevelopmen...

background: patients with graves’ disease exhibit a considerable rate of relapse after treatment with antithyroid drugs and require ablative therapy.   objective: the purpose of this study was to evaluate variables which can be used as prognostic factors in predicting the outcome of graves’ disease after treatment with antithyroid drugs.   methods: age, sex, duration of antithyroid drug therapy...

Iron is essential for life, but excess iron can be toxic. As a potent free radical creator, iron generates hydroxyl radicals leading to significant oxidative stress. Since iron is not excreted from the body, it accumulates with age in tissues, including the retina, predisposing to age-related oxidative insult. Both hereditary and acquired retinal diseases are associated with increased iron leve...

Neonatal Graves’ disease is a rare form of pediatric hyperthyroidism that occurs in 1-5% of infants born to mothers with Graves’ disease [1,2]. The risk of neonatal Graves’ disease is highest in those infants born to mothers with active or refractory Graves’ disease during pregnancy. However, infants whose mothers have undergone definitive therapy with either radioiodine ablation or surgical th...

iron is essential to erythrocyte oxygen transport and is a catalyst for oxidative metabolism in all cells. iron is absorbed by the duodenum and requires an acidic environment for optimal absorption. iron is found for 70% in erythrocytes, and 30% in storage, and a small amount in myoglobin and cytochromes. iron supplementation reduces anemia in breastfed infants and increases in significant dose...

background: a close relationship has been reported between level of serum iron and ischemic heart diseases which is either brought about through direct effect of serum iron on myocardial cells or as an indirect result of elevated serum lipid profile. a widespread use of iron supplements has been observed due to the high prevalence of iron deficiency anemia. yet an elevated serum lipid is strong...