this qualitative study analyzes the reasons of college students for learning english as a foreign language (efl) in costa rica and the reasons of high school students for learning german as a foreign language (gfl) in the us. it asks to what extent the learners’ reasons align with or deviate from neoliberal discourses that commodify foreign languages. the analysis of 27 interviews in a us high ...

Various studies focusing on the effectiveness of teacher-parents relationship emphasize the positive effects of parents’ involvement in education. This study aimed to examine the effects of teacher-parents relationship on Iranians EFL learners’ language proficiency at elementary level. It also aimed to find how this relationship may influence  parents’ motivation and attitude with regard to the...

language learning strategies have been controversial ever since rubin’s (1975) landmark article more that 30 years ago. to this day, there is no consensus regarding exactly what a strategy is, which has impeded research initiatives and at times threatened the validity of research findings. the relationship between strategies and successful language learning has also been questioned. based on th...

A comparative study of the impact of the host society-the case of Sweden and the United States. Abstract The aim of this study is to examine the impact of the social characteristics of the host society on the second generation Iranians " understanding of their national and ethnic identities. In this regard I have studied how the second generation Iranians in Sweden identify themselves with Iran...

abstract background: physical activities among adolescents affects health during pubescence and adolescence and decrease in physical activities among adolescents has become a global challenge. the aim of the present study was to define the relation between the level of physical activity among adolescent girls and their health beliefs as personal factor and level of observational learning as env...

universitt a di genova facoltt a di ingegneria dipartimento informatica sistemistica telematica Ideal and real belief about belief Abstract The goal of this paper is to provide a formalization of monotonic belief and belief about belief in a multiagent environment. We distinguish between ideal beliefs, i.e., those beliefs which satisfy certain \idealized" properties which are unlikely to be pos...

audiovisual material accompanied by interlingual subtitles is a powerful pedagogical tool which can help improve the vocabulary learning of second-language learners. this study was intended to determine whether or not the mode (standard and reversed) of subtitling affects the incidental vocabulary acquisition of iranian l2 learners while watching tv programs. forty-five participants were random...

in the opinion of many specialists and teachers, there is lack of enough attention to the needs of the students and their learning styles in the arabic language curriculum. learning styles are important factors in the success of teaching. this study aimed at determining the learning styles of arabic language and literature students in iranian universities. the method of study is survey, and the...