This study assessed the impact of the Thai-US Free Trade Agreement (FTA) on access to medicines in Thailand. We first interpreted the text of the sixth round of Thai-US negotiations in 2006 on intellectual property rights (IPR). The impact was estimated using a macroeconomic model of the impact of changes in IPR. The estimated impact is based on a comparison between the current IPR situation an...

Activation of an apical Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channel (CaCC) triggers the secretion of saliva. It was previously demonstrated that CaCC-mediated Cl(-) current and Cl(-) efflux are absent in the acinar cells of systemic Tmem16A (Tmem16A Cl(-) channel) null mice, but salivation was not assessed in fully developed glands because Tmem16A null mice die within a few days after birth. To test the rol...

Monomeric Cu(I) amido and thiolate complexes that are supported by the N-heterocyclic carbene ligand 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene (IPr) catalyze the hydroamination and hydrothiolation of electron-deficient vinylarenes with reactivity patterns that are consistent with an intermolecular nucleophilic addition of the amido/thiolate ligand of (IPr)Cu(XR) (X = NH or S; R = Ph, CH2...

The Color of Ruptures To the Editor: Elijovich et al1 described the predictors of intraprocedural rupture (IPR) in patients treated for ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Their findings could have been helpful in identifying groups of patients at higher risk for IPR. However, several problems have not been sufficiently emphasized, raising the question whether some of their findings should be part...

In this paper, we prove that certain theories of (many-sorted) intuitionistic predicate logic is closed under the independence of premiss rule (IPR). As corollaries, we show that HA and HA extended by some non-classical axioms and non-constructive axioms are closed under IPR.

This paper demonstrates the development of indirect potable reuse (IPR) in the United States. A legislative review and a survey of plants show that IPR is becoming an integral part of water reclamation. Public resistance is the limiting factor to its development while technology is not.

• Using panel data covering 112 countries and 45 years, we study developing countries’ incentive to enforce IPR. We show that IPR enforcement is U-shaped in a country’s market size inverse-U-shaped the aggregated of its trade partners. The effect entirely driven by partners strongly next impact strengthening protection on innovation countries. find stronger negatively impacts patents export dis...

The importance of the effective dissemination and use of environmentally sound technologies (ESTs) is becoming more apparent in light of the rising profile of climate change mitigation in global political discourse and expectations that global energy consumption will continue to dramatically increase in the coming decades. ESTs are methods and sources for producing energy that reduce the emissi...

Advancing the rational design of main-group N-heterocyclic carbene complexes, this study reports the synthesis, X-ray crystallographic and NMR spectroscopic characterisation of a novel series of Ga complexes containing neutral or anionic NHC ligands using the unsaturated carbene IPr (IPr 1⁄4 1,3-bis(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene). Starting from normal adduct GaR3$IPr (1) (R 1⁄4 CH2S...