Imidazolium salts are one of the most often used and investigated groups of ionic liquids (ILs). The research concerning their ecotoxicity comprised many test organisms representing different trophic levels; however, their impact on mixed cultures of microorganisms such as activated sludge has been hardly ever investigated. Thus, in this work, the effect of imidazolium ionic liquids on dehydrog...

The glass electrode is the most commonly used device to access the pH of an aqueous solution. It attains highly accurate measurements via simple and well-established procedures. However, the reasons why the glass electrode potential scales with hydrogen ion concentration according to almost Nernstian potential values have been long-standing challenges to explain. Only in the past 50 years has a...

Ion current rectification (ICR) is the ratio of ion by forward bias to backward and a critical indicator diode performance. In previous studies, there have been many attempts improve performance this ICR, but intrinsic problem for geometric changes that induce ionic due fabrication problems. Additionally, high ICR could be achieved in narrow salt concentration range only. Here, we propose multi...

We have developed intelligent polymerized crystalline colloidal array (IPCCA) chemical-sensing materials for detection of Pb(2+) in high ionic-strength environments such as body fluids with a detection limit of <500 nmol L(-1) Pb(2+) (100 ppb). This IPCCA lead sensor consists of a mesoscopically periodic array of colloidal particles polymerized into an acrylamide hydrogel. The array Bragg-diffr...

Calcium and ionic strength are both known to modify the force developed by skinned frog muscle fibers. To determine how these parameters affect the cross-bridge contraction mechanism, the isotonic velocity transients following step changes in load were studied in solutions in which calcium concentration and ionic strength were varied. Analysis of the motion showed that calcium has no effect on ...