INTRODUCTION In Kenya, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women; almost half of all women with invasive cervical cancer are diagnosed at a late stage. Few women are aware of the symptoms and risk factors of cervical cancer and that its precursor lesions are detectable through screening thus most women seek treatment when the cancer is at an advanced stage. The study explored...

Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women worldwide. The role of human papilloma virus (HPV) in the genesis of cervical carcinoma is well documented. The HPV 16 and 18 are found to be most commonly associated with invasive cervical carcinoma. The advent of cervical carcinoma vaccine has advanced the hopes that eradication of cervical carcinoma might be possible in future. The sce...

background: the sentinel lymph node (sln) is defined as the first chain node in the lymphatic basin that receives primary lymphatic flow. if the sln is negative for metastatic disease, then other nodes are expected to be disease-free. sln techniques have been extensively applied in the staging and treatment of many tumors, including melanoma, breast and vulvar cancers. this study aims to evalua...

Introduction This article will use a case study to review the literature on cervical cancer disparities by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The patient exemplifies several issues facing underserved populations, including the presence of comorbid diseases, failure to have follow-up visits for colposcopic evaluation and treatment of abnormal Pap smears, and ultimate presentation with in...

Chromosomal integration of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) genomes is believed to represent a significant event in the pathogenesis of cervical cancer associated with progression from preneoplastic lesions to invasive carcinomas. This hypothesis is based on experimental data suggesting that integration-dependent disruption of HR-HPV E2 gene functions is important to achieve neoplastic t...

The cervical smear test, like all screening tests, is not 100% effective in detecting abnormality. In order to prevent 80-90% of invasive cancers, cervical screening requires cervical smears to be taken competently at regular intervals and correctly interpreted. With laboratories following the guidelines in this report, the NHSCSP should be able to meet the Health of the Nation target to reduce...

background and objectives : human papillomavirus (hpv) infection is a major risk factor for adenocarcinoma of the cervix. the high-risk types of the virus such as hpv16 and hpv18, which possess the e6 and e7 oncogenes, are responsible for approximately 50% of all cervical cancers. a rapid, sensitive and specific test has been proposed for detection of hpv to improve cervical cancer screening pr...

conclusions this study describes robust information on the distribution of hpv genotypes among iranian women with and without cervical lesions. the present data may be of importance for designing future public health strategies, including hpv vaccination programs. results in total, hpv infection was detected in 45.4% of the cases. the most common high-risk hpv (hr-hpv) genotype was hpv-16 (32.8...

introduction: cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide and the role of human papillomavirus (hpv) has been proved in its etiology. the currentley available l1-capsid-protein-based vaccine is highly immunogenic and very high titers of serum antibodies can be obtained by its injection, but unfortunately it is restricted to only a few hpv genotypes and is relatively expe...

The Human papillomavirus plays an important role in the initiation and progression of cervical cancer. However, it is a necessary but not sufficient cause to develop invasive carcinoma; hence, other factors are required in the pathogenesis of this malignancy. In this review we explore the hypothesis of the deregulation of wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway as a "second hit" required to develop ...