OBJECTIVES Ketamine is a well-known analgesic and dose-dependent anesthetic used in emergency and disaster medicine. Recently, a new formulation of S-ketamine, as an intranasal spray, was developed and tested in our institution in healthy volunteers. The authors investigated the effect of intranasal S-ketamine spray combined with midazolam intranasal spray in postoperative spinal surgery patien...

A total of 124 subjects who were undergoing routine endoscopy were randomly assigned to one of three groups. All three groups received lignocaine throat spray. The first group additionally received midazolam, the second received hypnosis, whilst the third only received lignocaine throat spray. Although hypnotized patients were deemed by an independent observer to be less agitated than the other...

The anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of midazolam, ketamine and medetomidine for total intravenous anesthesia (MKM-TIVA) were evaluated in 14 horses. Horses were administered medetomidine 5 microg/kg intravenously as pre-anesthetic medication and anesthetized with an intravenous injection of ketamine 2.5 mg/kg and midazolam 0.04 mg/kg followed by the infusion of MKM-drug combination (mida...

Some intravenous anesthetic agents such as midazolam are known to induce anterograde and retrograde amnesia. We analyzed the effect of midazolam by the conditioned taste aversion (CTA) acquisition and retention. After the rats were offered 0.1% sodium saccharin (Sac) as conditioned stimulus (CS), an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of several concentrations (5-30mg/kg) of midazolam was followed...

BACKGROUND In this retrospective comparative study, we aimed to compare the effectiveness of fentanyl, midazolam, and a combination of fentanyl and midazolam to prevent etomidate-induced myoclonus. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was performed based on anesthesia records. Depending on the drugs that would be given before the induction of anesthesia with etomidate, the patients were separated ...

BACKGROUND The introduction of a central venous catheter in haemodialysis patients is an unpleasant procedure for the patient. Intravenous sedation is accepted practice in complicated endoscopic procedures but not often used in haemodialysis patients. METHODS We developed a protocol for the use of stepwise sedation in these patients with the use of midazolam and fentanyl. RESULTS Stepwise s...

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Some children do not show an appropriate cooperation with their dentist. A number of them cannot be managed by local anesthesia and the usual techniques used to control behaviors, so further steps are required to control their pain and anxiety. Pharmaceutical control is recommended through sedation or general anesthesia. PURPOSE This study was aimed to evaluate two gr...

BACKGROUND Sedation for surgical procedures performed with regional or local anesthesia has usually been achieved with intravenous medications, whereas the use of volatile anesthetics has been limited. The use of sevoflurane for sedation has been suggested because of its characteristics of nonpungency, rapid induction, and quick elimination. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the q...

BACKGROUND This study evaluates the time-of-day effect on midazolam and 1-OH midazolam pharmacokinetics, and on the sedative pharmacodynamic response in rabbits. Also, circadian fluctuations in rabbits' vital signs, such as the blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature were examined. The water intake was measured in order to confirm the presence of the animals' diurnal activity. The secon...

We assessed the roles of the protein kinase C (PKC) and the tyrosine kinase (TK) signaling pathways in regulating capacitative calcium entry (CCE) in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and investigated the effects of intravenous anesthetics (midazolam, propofol, thiopental, ketamine, etomidate, morphine, and fentanyl) on CCE in human PASMCs. Fura-2-loaded human PASMCs were plac...