BACKGROUND DNA barcoding has recently been proposed as a promising tool for the rapid species identification in a wide range of animal taxa. Two broad methods (distance and monophyly-based methods) have been used. One method is based on degree of DNA sequence variation within and between species while another method requires the recovery of species as discrete clades (monophyly) on a phylogenet...

Efforts to re-establish native plant species should consider intraspecific variation if we are to restore genetic diversity and evolutionary potential. Data describing spatial genetic structure and the scale of adaptive differentiation are needed for restoration seed sourcing. Genetically defined provenance zones provide species-specific guidelines for the distance within which seed transfer li...

let $g$ be a connected graph with vertex set $v(g)$‎. ‎the‎ ‎degree resistance distance of $g$ is defined as $d_r(g) = sum_{{u‎,‎v} subseteq v(g)} [d(u)+d(v)] r(u,v)$‎, ‎where $d(u)$ is the degree‎ ‎of vertex $u$‎, ‎and $r(u,v)$ denotes the resistance distance between‎ ‎$u$ and $v$‎. ‎in this paper‎, ‎we characterize $n$-vertex unicyclic‎ ‎graphs having minimum and second minimum degree resista...

While a framework and terminology for heterochrony has been referenced widely in the literature and appears to be accepted by nearly all workers in the field we have found it to be a confusing and incomplete model that has led to varying degrees of misunderstanding about heterochrony among evolutionary biologists. Much of the confusion exists because the model is explicitly limited to phylogene...