A recombinant baculovirus expressing the hemagglutinin gene of the influenza virus, A/PR/8/34 (H1N1), under the control of the chicken beta-actin promoter, was constructed. To determine the induction of protective immunity in vivo, mice were inoculated with the recombinant baculovirus by intramuscular, intradermal, i.p., and intranasal routes and then were challenged with a lethal dose of the i...

Group B streptococci (GBS) colonize the female genital and rectal tracts and can cause invasive infection in susceptible newborns. An optimally effective GBS vaccine should induce mucosal and systemic immunity. In this study, we investigate the local and systemic immune responses to GBS type III capsular polysaccharide (CPS) after mucosal vaccination of mice via intranasal, peroral, rectal, and...

• Allergic rhinitis is defined as intermittent (or seasonal) or persistent (or perennial), according to symptom duration and frequency. • Intranasal corticosteroids are the most effective treatment option for moderate-severe symptoms and reduce sneezing, rhinorrhea, itching, post-nasal drip and nasal blockage, and total nasal symptom scores better than antihistamines. • There are currently six ...

Seizures in children are a frightening experience for families and care providers. Because the duration of seizure activity impacts on morbidity and mortality, effective methods for seizure control should be instituted as soon as possible, preferably before arrival at the hospital. Since parental methods of drug delivery are not available to most caregivers, and rectal diazepam, the most common...

with low oral bioavailability due to to extensive gastrointestinal breakdown or high hepatic first-pass effect. Intranasal delivery of drugs to reach the system has been widely studied and a number of reports is available in the literature (1). The concentration-time profiles of drugs achieved after nasal administration are often similar to those after intravenous administration, with resultant...

Intranasal oxytocin (OT) delivery has been used to non-invasively manipulate mammalian cooperative behavior. Such manipulations can potentially provide insight into both shared and species-specific mechanisms underlying cooperation. Vampire bats are remarkable for their high rates of allogrooming and the presence of regurgitated food sharing among adults. We administered intranasal OT to highly...

BACKGROUND Melatonin is traditionally administered orally but has a poor and variable bioavailability. This study aims to present an overview of studies investigating the pharmacokinetics of alternative administration routes of melatonin. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed and included experimental or clinical studies, investigating pharmacokinetics of alternative administra...

Intranasal insulin administration may improve cognitive function in patients with dementia and prevent problems after surgery. Although the metabolic effects of intranasal non-surgical have been studied, its influence on glucose concentration during surgery is unknown. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-contolled trial scheduled for elective cardiac Patients type 2 diabetes mellit...

Introduction In this study we are comparing two different doses 1μg/kg and 2 μg/kg of intranasal dexmedetomidine for sedative efficacy and analgesia as a premedication in children (6-12 years of age). This prospective, randomized study is designed to evaluate efficacy of 2 different doses of intranasal dexmedetomidine as a premedication in children. To assess the patient preoperatively and its ...

BACKGROUND: The development of effective drug delivery to the central nervous system still remains an important problem in pharmacology despite rapid a large number new treatment strategies recent years. Recently interest intranasal method as route has greatly increased because this administration allows bypass blood-brain barrier. There is not single fundamental study comparing intranasal, and...