TRIPs, the intellectual property component of the Uruguay round GATT Treaty, gave rise to an acrimonious debate between the developed countries and less developed countries (LDCs). On one side, business interests in the developed world claimed large losses from the imitation and use of their innovations in LDCs. They also asserted that establishing strong intellectual property rights would actu...

development of technology and communications, especially emergence of the internet as well as states’ inclination to achieve a harmonized protection of intellectual property rights in international level in the last three decades, have brought a new perspectives on international jurisdiction and recognition and enforcement of judgments in the field of intellectual property rights. the most impo...