A novel neuroendocrine peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP), was found to have an important role in carbohydrate or lipid metabolism and was susceptible to dipeptidyl peptidase IV degradation. It can not only mediate glucose-dependent insulin secretion and lower blood glucose by activating VPAC2 receptor, but also raise blood glucose by promoting glucagon production b...

effects of insulin (1, 2 and 3 iu/kg, i.p.), morphine (5mg/kg, i.p.), naloxone (5mg/kg, s.c.), insulin before morphine and after naloxone were studied in the formalin test of mice. formalin test was induced by intraplantar injection of formalin (20m, 5%). morphine alone and insulin with morphine decreased the first phase (0-5 min) of pain. naloxone increased the interphase (6-20 min) of nicicep...

background: obesity is a very common disorder resulting from an imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure, and it has a substantial impact on the development of chronic diseases.  the aim of this study was to examine the association of insig2 (rs7566605) gene polymorphism with obesity and obesity associated phenotypes in north indian subjects. methods: the variants were investigated ...

context since 2006 a relevant number of therapeutical algorithms for the management of type 2 diabetes have been proposed, generating a lively debate in the scientific community, particularly on the ideal timing for introduction of insulin therapy and on which drug should be preferred as add-on therapy in patients failing to metformin. at the moment, there is no real consensus. the aim of the p...