We refute the controversial statement that addiction is not a brain disorder. Extensive peer-reviewed studies support underlying neurobiological and neurogenetic basis of addiction’s “disease model.” In 70s 80s, few clinical scientists suggested it possible to use behavioral training teach controlled drinking. However, this model failed drastically increased labeling stigmatization. Additionall...

In Spescha and Strahm [15], a system PET of explicit mathematics in the style of Feferman [7, 8] is introduced, and in Spescha and Strahm [16] the addition of the join principle to PET is studied. Changing to intuitionistic logic, it could be shown that the provably terminating operations of PETJ are the polytime functions on binary words. However, although strongly conjectured, it remained ope...

We study how the distribution of other-regarding preferences develops with age. Based on a set of allocation choices, we classify each of 717 subjects, aged 8 to 17 years, as either egalitarian, altruistic, or spiteful. We find a strong decrease in spitefulness with increasing age. Egalitarianism becomes less frequent, and altruism much more prominent, with age. Females are more frequently clas...