metric (mapping evapotranspiration at high resolution with internalized calibration) is known as an appropriate surface energy balance model for the estimation of the spatial distribution of evapotranspiration (et) in semi-arid regions. based on lysimeter measurements, metric has shown et estimates of 10% on a sub-field scale on a daily basis. there is a need to identify how the model is sensit...

In vivo whole-cell recordings revealed that during repeated stimulation, synaptic responses to deflection of facial whiskers rapidly adapt. Extracellular recordings in the somatosensory thalamus revealed that part of the adaptation occurs subcortically, but because cortical adaptation is stronger and recovers more slowly, cortical mechanisms must also contribute. Trains of sensory stimuli that ...

a novel low noise trans-impedance amplifier is proposed using low cost 0.18 µm cmos technology. a resistive-capacitive feedback is used to extend the bandwidth of the amplifier. as the structure is inductor less, it is suitable for low cost integrated optical interconnects. in this paper improved particle swarm optimization have applied to determine optimal trans-resistance and noise of propose...

Deep neural networks are an attractive tool for compressing the control policy lookup tables in systems such as Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS). It is vital to ensure safety of controllers via verification techniques. The problem analyzing ACAS Xu has motivated many successful network verifiers. These verifiers typically analyze internal computation decide whether a property regardin...

Acoustic information in auditory nerve discharges is integrated in the cochlear nuclei, and ascends through several parallel pathways to higher centers. Octopus cells of the posteroventral cochlear nucleus form a pathway known to carry information in the timing of action potentials. Octopus cells have dendrites oriented to receive converging input from many auditory nerve fibers. In all 34 intr...

To study the synaptic and spike responses of barrel cortex neurons as a function of cortical layer and stimulus intensity, we recorded intracellularly in vivo from barbiturate anesthetized rats while increasing the velocity-acceleration of the whisker deflection. Granular (Gr; layer 4) cells had the EPSP with the shortest peak and onset latency, whereas supragranular (SGr; layers 2-3) cells had...

Excitatory input onto many neurons in the brain occurs onto specialized projections called dendritic spines. Despite their potential importance in neuronal function, direct experimental evidence on electrical signaling in dendritic spines is lacking as their small size makes them inaccessible to standard electrophysiological techniques. Here, we investigate electrical signaling in dendritic spi...

Here we describe the properties of a synapse in the Drosophila antennal lobe and show how they can explain certain sensory computations in this brain region. The synapse between olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) and projection neurons (PNs) is very strong, reflecting a large number of release sites and high release probability. This is likely one reason why weak ORN odor responses are amplified...

Ischemia-induced cell damage studies have revealed a complex mechanism that is thought to involve glutamate excitotoxicity, intracellular calcium increase, and free radical production. We provide direct evidence that free radical generation occurs in rat CA1 pyramidal neurons of organotypic slices subjected to a hypoxic-hypoglycemic insult. The production of free radicals is temporally correlat...