The plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is widely used in building materials. DEHP is identified as the major plasticizer exposure in dwellings. We provide evidence that inhalation exposure to DEHP as aerosols adsorbed to particulate matter is as important, or more important, than vapor phase exposure. The particulate inhalation exposure to DEHP is considered to be significant due to ...

Reductions in testicular mass, sperm motility, and mating frequency have been attributed to the stresses caused by confinement of Sprague-Dawley male rats in nose-only inhalation exposure tubes. Testicular changes, including an increase in testicular atrophy, have been detected at an increased incidence in male rats used in inhalation studies as compared with rats of the same age and strain use...

A three compartment physiologically based toxicokinetic model was fitted to human data on benzene disposition. Two separate groups of model parameter derivations were obtained, depending on which data sets were being fitted. The model was then used to simulate five environmental or occupational exposures. Predicted values of the total bone marrow exposure to benzene and cumulative quantity of m...

BACKGROUND Wood smoke inhalation causes severe ventilation and oxygenation abnormalities. We hypothesized that smoke inhalation would cause lung injury by 2 mechanisms: (1) direct tissue injury by the toxic chemicals in the smoke and (2) a mechanical shear-stress injury caused by alveolar instability (ie, alveolar recruitment/derecruitment). We further postulated that alveolar instability would...

BACKGROUND We previously reported that inhaled nitric oxide (NO) improved pulmonary function following smoke inhalation. This study evaluates the physiologic mechanism by which inhaled NO improves pulmonary function in an ovine model. METHODS Forty-eight hours following wood smoke exposure to produce a moderate inhalation injury, 12 animals were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated (FIO2,...

Pulmonary infections may be induced in experimental animals by using several exposure routes. Inhalation of microbial aerosols is often viewed as the most relevant exposure route, although the comparability of either intranasal (i.n.) or intratracheal (i.t.) inoculation to aerosol inhalation is unclear. In these studies, the infection of mice with either Streptococcus zooepidemicus or influenza...

Bronchopulmonary injury secondary to smoke inhalation is a significant comorbid factor following major thermal trauma. The present study evaluates the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) on pulmonary function in an ovine model of inhalation injury. Following smoke exposure to produce a moderate inhalation injury, 16 animals were divided into two groups. Group 1 animals (n = 8) were untreated; Group...

A task-specific exposure matrix was designed for workers installing building insulation materials. A priori, a matrix element was defined by type of task (installer or helper), type of work area (attic spaces or wall cavities) and type of insulation material (slabs from mineral wool, fiberglass or flax; loose-fill cellulosic material or perlite). In the laboratory a mock-up (full scale) of a on...

This study characterizes the development of a head-out inhalation exposure system for assessing respiratory toxicity of vaporized chemical agents in untreated, non-anesthetized rats. The organophosphate diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) induces classical cholinergic toxicity following inhalation exposure and was utilized to validate the effectiveness of this newly designed inhalation exposure s...

Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), a gasoline additive used to increase octane and reduce carbon monoxide emissions and ozone precursors, has contaminated drinking water and can lead to exposure by oral, inhalation, and dermal routes. To determine its dermal, oral, and inhalation kinetics, 14 volunteers were exposed to 51.3 microg/ml MTBE dermally in tap water for 1 h, drank 2.8 mg MTBE in 250...