Lesser prairie chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) abundance, like that of most grassland birds, has declined rangewide for decades. Although habitat loss and degradation are likely ultimate causes for this decline, infectious agents, particularly microparasites, could be proximate contributors. No surveys of pathogenic bacteria or viruses have been published for this species. We surveyed 24 f...

conclusions after seven consecutive passages of both cell cultures, the h9n2 virus showed similar antigenicity, also no change on viral titer level and virus replication behavior in adaptation was found. the results highlighted the use of a549 cells for efficient virus isolation. results the influenza virus infectivity was not significant difference in these cells in the presence of trypsin. th...

avian influenza virus (aiv) infection is a major cause of bird or human mortality and morbidity, therefore the rapid identification of the virus is of important clinical and epidemiological implication. methods: a multiplex reverse transcriptase pcr (rt-pcr) was optimized for the detection of influenza a virus and the h5 and h9 subtypes. the influenza type a specific primers were directed to th...

A robust, ultrasensitive, and accurate quantitative assay was developed for avian reovirus (ARV) with the Light Cycler SYBR Green-based real-time reverse transcription-PCR (real-time LC RT-PCR). The assay exhibited high specificity as all negative controls and other avian pathogens, such as Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV),...

An influenza A reassortant virus that contained the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of a virulent human virus, A/Udorn/72 (H3N2), and the six other influenza A virus genome segments from an avirulent avian virus, A/Mallard/New York/6750/78 (H2N2), was evaluated for its level of replication is squirrel monkeys and hamsters. In monkeys, the reassortant virus was as attenuated and as restric...

H1N1 viruses in which all gene segments are of avian origin are the most frequent cause of influenza pandemics in humans; therefore, we examined the disease-causing potential of 31 avian H1N1 isolates of American lineage in DBA/2J mice. Thirty of 31 isolates were very virulent, causing respiratory tract infection; 22 of 31 resulted in fecal shedding; and 10 of 31 were as pathogenic as the pande...

Introduction of influenza viruses with gene segments of avian origin into the human population may result in the emergence of new pathogenic human influenza viruses. The recent infection of a 3-year-old boy with an influenza A (H5N1) virus of avian origin can be considered as an example of such an event. However, this virus, influenza A/Hong Kong/156/97 (H5N1) and the 17 additional H5N1 viruses...

Background: After the first case was laboratory-confirmed, a total of 9 human avian influenza A (H5N6) infection index cases were reported and treated in China as of January 28, 2016. The aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the first fatal H5N6 case in Jiangxi province and provide scientific recommendations for control and prevention of this epid...

On 31 March 2013, Chinese authorities announced the identification of a novel reassortant A(H7N9) influenza virus isolated from three unlinked cases of severe respiratory disease in eastern China; two in Shanghai and one in Anhui province. The type A influenza viruses initially isolated from the three cases could not be subtyped and had therefore been sent to the WHO Collaborating Centre for Re...

Avian H9N2 influenza A virus has caused repeated human infections in Asia since 1998. Here we report that an H9N2 influenza virus infected a 5-year-old child in Hong Kong in 2003. To identify the possible source of the infection, the human isolate and other H9N2 influenza viruses isolated from Hong Kong poultry markets from January to October 2003 were genetically and antigenically characterize...