Anaerobic filters (AFs) and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors are finding wide-scale acceptance for treating various types of wastewater. They are frequently used for medium to high strength wastewater (2,000 to 20,000 mg/L COD), but have fewer applications to low strength wastewater (< 1,000 mg/L COD). In order to understand the applicability of anaerobic treatment for low streng...

The effectiveness of UV and chlorination, used individually and sequentially, was investigated in killing pathogenic microorganisms and inhibiting the formation of disinfection by-products in two different municipal wastewaters for the source water of reclaimed water, which were from a microfilter (W1) and membrane bioreactor (W2) respectively. Heterotrophic plate count (HPC), total bacteria co...

Water supply is a critical issue in the Middle East, particularly in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (Palestine). Water resources are scarce due to the arid climate and the population growth while water resources management and development is complicated by the ongoing Israeli occupation. There is a critical lack of sanitation in the West Bank. Only 45% of the Palestinian population is connected t...

because of water shortage in arid and semi-arid regions, reuse of wastewater and treated effluents for agricultural irrigation has become an essential matter now. while these kinds of water contain a lot of nutrients such as nitrogen, by using them we could be able to increase the soil fertility and decrease both the chemical nutrient consumption and the costs of agricultural production. howeve...

This study was done to assess the risk of helminth infection in association with wastewater-fed rice cultivation in an agricultural setting of Nam Dinh city, Vietnam. In a cross sectional survey data were collected for 202 households in a commune where wastewater was used for irrigation and for 201 households in a commune that used river water. Parasitological examination was conducted on singl...

In a period of 1 year, the volumetric ratio of wastewater from a cane molasses-based bio-ethanol distillery plant (CMBP) and a cane sugar mill (CSM) was monitored and shown to be 1:2. In order to evaluate the validity of mixing the two wastewaters, their biodegradability and methanogenic activity (MA) were measured under a fixed temperature of 35°C and fixed FM ratio of 0.5 (i.e., 2 g COD/l for...

D uring the past 50 years, wastewater treatment has improved the quality of our navigable waters and the health of our environment. This achievement has not been accomplished without considerable capital investment by our nation, and we know that large expenditures will continue to be needed. It has been estimated that $2 trillion will be needed in the United States alone over the next 20 years...

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abstract population increase, limitation of water resources, and increasing volume of municipal wastewater, has caused the necessity of wastewater reuse. application of wastewater on soils seems to be the most economical method of its disposal and by percolating wastewater through the soil, its chemical quality is improved. for this purpose, a greenhouse experiment was carried out with polyethy...

BACKGROUND Wastewater is increasingly being used in the agricultural sector to cope with the depletion of freshwater resources as well as water stress linked to changing climate conditions. As wastewater irrigation expands, research focusing on the human health risks is critical because exposure to a range of contaminants must be weighed with the benefits to food security, nutrition and livelih...