Estrogen regulates bone mass in women and men, but the underlying cellular mechanisms of estrogen action on remain unclear. Although both receptor (ER)α ERβ are expressed cells, ERα is dominant for skeletal action. Previous studies using either global or cell-specific deletion provided important insights, each these approaches had limitations. Specifically, high circulating sex steroid levels k...

Two acidified nitrite-inducible genes of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium were identified with a green fluorescent protein-based promoter-trap screen. The nitrite-inducible promoters were located upstream of loci that we designated nipAB and nipC, which correspond to hcp-hcr (hybrid cluster protein) of Escherichia coli and norA of Alcaligenes eutrophus, respectively. Maximal induction of...

Replication-competent viruses, such as Vaccinia virus (VACV), are powerful tools for the development of oncolytic viral therapies and elicit superior immune responses when used as vaccine and immunotherapeutic vectors. However, severe complications from uncontrolled viral replication can occur, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or in those with other predisposing conditions. VACVs c...

First-generation inducible expression vectors for Trypanosoma brucei utilized a single tetracycline-responsive promoter to drive expression of an experimental gene, in tandem with a drug-resistance marker gene to select for integration (Wirtz E, Clayton CE. Science 1995; 268:1179-1183). Because drug resistance and experimental gene expression both depended upon the activity of the regulated pro...

An operon is a functioning unit of genomic DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter. Gene regulation is achieved by the control of an operon through induction or repression. Operons are of two types: inducible operons and repressible operons. Inducible operon is a type of operon which gets switched on by a substrate chemical, i.e., an inducer. In a repressible op...

BACKGROUND An inducible promoter for recombinant protein expression provides substantial benefits because under induction conditions cellular energy and metabolic capability can be directed into protein synthesis. The most widely used inducible promoter for diatoms is for nitrate reductase, however, nitrogen metabolism is tied into diverse aspects of cellular function, and the induction respons...

The expression of the gene encoding tumor necrosis factor /3 (TNF-P) (lymphotoxin) is induced in T cells by various extracellular stimuli. We noticed that most such stimuli also activate the NF-KB transcription factor. Here we demonstrate binding of purified human NF-KB to a sequence within positions 98 to -88 (S-GGGGCTTCCCC-3’) of the TNF-P promoter, which is conserved between the human and mo...

Identification of essential genes by construction of conditional knockouts with inducible promoters allows the identification of essential genes and creation of conditional growth (CG) mutants that are then available as genetic tools for further studies. We used large-scale transposon delivery of the rhamnose-inducible promoter, PrhaB followed by robotic screening of rhamnose-dependent growth t...

OBJECTIVE The transcription factor early growth response (EGR)-1 has been implicated as a key vascular phenotypic switch through its control of inducible transcription. EGR-1 autoregulation, and histone modification in the EGR-1 promoter, represent key mechanisms in EGR-1 control, but have not been explored. METHODS AND RESULTS We demonstrate that EGR-1 regulates its own transcription and tha...

Introduction Schizophrenia (SZ) is an inherited mental illness that affects 1% of the world’s population. a common functional psychosis with some unifying features appears to have universal distribution. Much research on SZ seeks identify physiological, biochemical, or genetic differ between patients and healthy individuals. Biochemical factors represent imbalance certain biochemical substances...