AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The cost of antibiotic therapy for the treatment of pneumonia in the inpatient paediatric population can have a major impact on the healthcare expenditure. We planned to assess the direct and indirect costs of diagnosis and medical treatment of paediatric patients with community acquired pneumonia who are hospitalized in a tertiary care hospital in India. METHODS 125 child...

The paper describes risk-informed decision support for assessing the costs and benefits of counter-terrorism (CT) protective measures for infrastructure. Such a decision support framework needs to consider threat scenarios and probabilities, value of human life, physical (direct) damage, indirect damage, risk reduction and protective measure costs. Probabilistic terrorism risk assessments that ...

centralizing and using proper transportation facilities cut down costs and traffic. hub facilities concentrate on flows to cause economic advantage of scale and multimodal transportation helps use the advantage of another transporter. a distinctive feature of this paper is proposing a new mathematical formulation for a three-stage p-hub location routing problem with simultaneous pick-ups and de...

Abstract — In cost management, the products cost is a valuable and necessary information. Nevertheless, distributing indirect costs and expenses to products may involve several uncertainties, what can lead to imprecise results and decision mistakes. The aim of this paper is to construct a method that would reduce the uncertainties found in current costing processes, by modelling and providing t...

The government of Kazakhstan, a middle-income country in Central Asia, is considering the introduction of rotavirus vaccination into its national immunization program. We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis of rotavirus vaccination spanning 20 years by using a synthesis of dynamic transmission models accounting for herd protection. We found that a vaccination program with 90% coverage would...

Background With an estimated 300 million individuals affected worldwide, asthma is associated with substantial social and economic burden. The cost of treating uncontrolled severe allergic asthma (SAA) is high encompassing a variety of direct medical costs and indirect costs. We present data on real-world healthcare utilization (direct) and school/ work absence (indirect) in uncontrolled SAA pa...

This paper considers the links between trade liberalisation and technology choice in the nonliberalising country. Trade-liberalisation-induced changes in relative product prices have direct effects on equilibrium relative factor returns. The consequent changes in relative input costs may also lead producers to switch to alternative technologies, which will in turn induce a further indirect chan...

The revelation principle is a fundamental theorem in many economics fields. In this paper, we construct a simple labor model to show that a social choice function which can be implemented costly in Bayesian Nash equilibrium may not be truthfully implementable. The key point is the strategy cost condition given in Section 4: In the direct mechanism, each agent only reports a type and will not pa...