expansion of urban area is a well-known phenomenon in developing countries with population growth and the migration from villages to cities being two major factors. those factors reduce the influence of efforts to limit the cities boundaries. thus, spatial planners always look for the models that simulate the expansion of urban land-uses, and enable them to prevent unbalanced expansions of citi...

With the expansion of cities and ever-increasing traffic dilemma closely connected to people’s lives, public transportation has become one the essential needs of communities. Subway because of its benefits is an important part of our lives: alleviating urban transit pressure, high safety and reliability, mass transit capacity, low energy consumption, and low price. Therefore, its performance im...

In this paper, we examine basic transportation and land use characteristics from a selection of cities in Africa, China, Latin America, and South Asia. By definition, poorer than their industrialized country counterparts, developing cities are in a stage of rapid dynamism. From a mobility perspective, perhaps the single most influencing factor is motorization – the growth in motor vehicle owner...

The demography of cities in the 21st century will be shaped, to a large extent, by migration. This paper argues that the rights-based approach to urban policy advocated in the preparatory work of Habitat III, the UN Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development to be held in October 2016 in Quito, Ecuador, may not be conducive to this goal. The approach lacks a contextual and dynamic ...

Despite the composed ‘predict and provide’ attitude displayed in the National Urban Policy Paper towards change in Australian Cities, our cities have been more vulnerable to an increasing range of events and trends. The experience of the last year alone is a clear indicator that prediction along traditional lines is an increasingly unreliable way of managing cities. Instead, planning policy and...

Increasing dispersal under range expansion increases invasion speed, which implies that a species needs to adapt more rapidly to newly experienced local conditions. However, due to iterated founder effects, local genetic diversity under range expansion is low. Evolvability (the evolution of mutation rates) has been reported to possibly be an adaptive trait itself. Thus, we expect that increased...

growing process of industrialization in different societies, excessive expansion of industries and factories and increase transport industries, push human toward unstable development. among these problem, massive volume of pollutions is also added to the atmosphere. air pollution in industrial societies and cities is more intensive. global warming is one of the major problems of 21 century. co2...