Portfolio optimization is one of the most important issues for effective and economic investment. There is plenty of research in the literature addressing this issue. Most of these pieces of research attempt to make the Markowitz’s primary portfolio selection model more realistic or seek to solve the model for obtaining fairly optimum portfolios. An efficient frontier in the ...

Genetic robustness is defined as the constancy of a phenotype in the face of deleterious mutations. Overexpression of chaperones, to assist the folding of proteins carrying deleterious mutations, is so far one of the most accepted molecular mechanisms enhancing genetic robustness. Most theories on the evolution of robustness have focused on the implications of high mutation rate. Here we show t...