Interferometric type fiber optic sensors have advantages of high sensitivity and can be employed to measure very small measurand. In this paper, a 3×3 coupler based demodulation using software approach is introduced and its advantages are presented. Based on this technique, mechanical tests are performed and the sensing arm of the interferometer is embedded along the neutral plane of the lamina...

Warren, Young, and Lee (1986) found that treadmill runners control step length by regulating vertical impulse, which could be modulated by the optical time-to-contact variable tau. In contrast, Patla, Robinson, Samways, and Armstrong (1989) report a 40% contribution of horizontal impulse in overground running and a control strategy that depends on the timing of target cuing, undermining the tau...

1. Turbine Classification 1.1. Blade Profiles 1.2. Impulse and Reaction 2. Velocity Diagrams 2.1. General Relationships 2.2. Momentum Principle 2.2.1. Impulse Blading 2.2.2. Reaction Blading 2.3. Blade Efficiency 2.4. Energy Principle 2.4.1. Impulse Blading 2.4.2. Reaction Blading 2.5. Impulse Blading 2.6. Reaction Blading 2.7. Whirl Velocity 3. Stage Design 3.1 Number of Stages 3.1.1 Impulse B...

A Lagrangian numerical method based on impulse variables is analyzed. The relation between impulse vectors and vortex dipoles with a prescribed dipole moment is presented and used to adapt the high-accuracy cutoo functions of vortex methods for use in impulse-based methods. The long-time implementation of the impulse method is shown to contain a source of error whose growth in time renders impu...

Research has found an upward trend in impulse buying in general, and impulse buying is frequently foreseen among mall shoppers. Impulse purchases account for over $4 billion in annual sales in the U.S. (Mogelonsky, 1998). Retailers have found that over 50 percent of mall shoppers purchase on impulse (Nichols et al., 2001). More than one third of all department store purchases were bought on imp...

cardiac conduction system enables the heart to pulsate continuously by producing electric impulse and conducting it. as the anatomical information about cardiac conduction system in human being and other mammals needed in various fields of sciences, such as anatomy, histology, physiology, pathology and cardiology, the present review article intends to provide this basic information about an imp...

PURPOSE Osteoarthritis of the knee is one of the most common diseases. For this chronic disease, modified footwear structure can effectively prevent and relieve disease of the knee. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of shoe surface elastic modulus on external knee adduction moment and ground reaction force and foot loading characteristics. METHODS Sixteen healthy female volunte...

Compensatory mechanisms in below-knee amputee gait are necessary due to the functional loss of the ankle muscles, especially at higher walking speeds when the mechanical energetic demands of walking are greater. The objective of this study was to examine amputee anterior/posterior (A/P) ground reaction force (GRF) impulses and joint kinetics across a wide range of steady-state walking speeds to...

Bilateral deficit is well documented; however, bilateral deficit is not present in all tasks and is more likely in dynamic activities than isometric activities. No definitive mechanism(s) for bilateral deficit is known but an oft cited mechanism is lower activation of fast twitch motor units. The aim of this study was to produce comparable and consistent one and two legged drop jumps to examine...