We report the methyl radical product state distributions for the reactions of H and Cl with CHD3(nu1 = 1,2) at collision energies of 1.53 and 0.18 eV, respectively. Both reactions demonstrate mode selectivity. The resulting state distributions from the H+CHD3(nu1 = 1,2) reactions are well described by a spectator model. The reactions Cl + CHD3(nu1 = 1,2) exhibit similar behavior, but in some as...

Recent developments in various branches of political science underscore the importance of empirical investigation of impartial views. This paper proposes and tests an empirical model of impartiality, inspired by Adam Smith (1759), that is based on the moral judgments of informed third parties (or spectators). The model predicts that spectatorship produces properties widely considered desirable ...

We present the calculation of the next-to-leading corrections to the tree amplitudes which appear in the description of non-leptonic B-decays in the factorization approach. These corrections, together with radiative corrections to the jet functions, represent the full next-to-leading contributions to the dominant hard spectator scattering term generated by operators O1,2 in the decay amplitudes...

In this thesis I try to answer the question of how information spaces can be designed so that they support humans in the exploration of a large set of scientific literature items. I will argue that the degree of support increases if the spatial representation assembles the mental representation of a certain spectator. In this regard, I will illustrate how humans build such mental representation...

One of the major goals in the development of virtual environments in recent years has been to create more and more realistic scenery, characters and natural human forms of interaction with the environment. We question this approach especially for the domain of computer games for two main reasons. Firstly we argue the following: When the absolute difference between reality and virtual environmen...

Explanations are a technique for reasoning about constraint propagation, which have been applied in many learning, backjumping and user interaction algorithms. To date, explanations have been recorded eagerly when the propagation happens, which leads to ine cient use of time and space, because many will never be used. In this paper we show that it is possible and highly e ective to calculate ex...

The widespread practice of quoting option prices in terms of their Black-Scholes implied volatilities (IVs) in no way implies that market participants believe underlying returns to be lognormal. On the contrary, the variation of IVs across option strike and term to maturity, which is widely referred to as the volatility surface, can be substantial. In this brief review, we highlight some empiri...