Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and features many symptoms of motor neuron degeneration including bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, and loss of postural reflexes. Presently there is no cure for PD and treatment methods are focused on addressing clinical symptoms, as the true pathological cause of the disease is still unknown. However, it is int...

COVID-19 infection, a present ravaging disease attributed to a SARS-CoV like illness has brought the world to it knee causing a pandemic, with human-human transmission indexed to be a major source of transmission of this ailment. Alarmingly, this infection based on clinical manifestations has been diagnosed as a virus induced pneumonia with over 5 million cases reckoned at a mortality rate of a...

background: it is claimed that the interaction of altering immune system bowel maturation, and measles vaccine predispose the body to inflammatory bowel diseasesalso it is proposed that breastmilk components during infancy, regulatemucosal immune activity to antigen and have protective role for ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease. materials and methods: this study was a case-control study. d...

background: major histocompatibility complex (mhc) plays a central role in regulation and control of the immune responses to infectious diseases. due to its polymorphism, individual differences in response to vaccines have been observed in different chicken populations. studying the association of chicken mhc with immune response to vaccines will help the control of infectious disease and vacci...

The granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), formerly known as Wegener’s granulomatosis, is a pauci-immune vasculitis involving small- and medium-sized blood vessels. Classically, the patients inflicted with this disease present with a triad of necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of the respiratory tract, cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis, and glomerulonephritis (GN). The antinuclear (ANA) and...

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is a common cause of anemia in dogs. The immune aggression towards erythrocytes can be triggered by many pathological conditions such as infection, inflammatory disease or neoplasia. Upon ruling out any eliciting conditions, a diagnosis of the primary immune-mediated disease can be made. In this particular case of severe anemia (tested positive for circul...

Immune checkpoint regulators are critical modulators of the immune system, allowing the initiation of a productive immune response and preventing the onset of autoimmunity. Co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory immune checkpoint receptors are required for full T-cell activation and effector functions such as the production of cytokines. In autoimmune rheumatic diseases, impaired tolerance leads to t...