Antigen-specific antibody responses against a model antigen (the B subunit of the heat labile toxin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, LTB) were studied in sheep following oral immunisation with plant-made and delivered vaccines. Delivery from a root-based vehicle resulted in antigen-specific immune responses in mucosal secretions of the abomasum and small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes...

A dynamic antigen response of the immune network is discussed, based on shape-space modelling. The present model extends the shape-space modelling by introducing the evolution of speci"city of idiotypes. When the amount of external antigen increases, a measure of stability of the immune network is lost and thus the network can respond to the antigen. It is shown that speci"c and non-speci"c res...

A dynamic antigen response of the immune network is discussed, based on shape-space modelling. The present model extends the shape-space modelling by introducing the evolution of specificity of idiotypes. When the amount of external antigen increases, a measure of stability of the immune network is lost and thus the network can respond to the antigen. It is shown that specific and non-specific ...

BACKGROUND MF59, which is an adjuvant belonging to C₃₀ member of the terpene family, is a T helper type-2 (Th2)-biased immune enhancer. Our previous studies showed that pyriproxyfen, a member of the terpene family with fewer carbon atoms (C₂₀) than MF59, enhanced active T helper type-1 (Th1)-biased immune responses. OBJECTIVE This study was performed to investigate the enhancement of antigen-...

When creating an experimental radiation sickness in animals, the development of deep immunodeficiency is observed, which manifests itself inhibition production antibodies to thymus-dependent antigen EB. Introduction animals with Ginger, Detoxioma, and Gulzar balm help increase immune mechanisms antibody production. Plant preparations can thymus nucleated cells irradiated mice. significantly lev...

The Vedic philosophy deals with harmony and balance between the mind and the body as well as interactions with nature. This ancient approach to health and well-being is being more and more appreciated in part as we understand the intimate relationship between the immune system, our major defense mechanism and the nervous system. Like other organ systems, the immune system is dependent on the ce...

Immune checkpoints have been aggressively investigated for anti-cancer immunotherapy. The power of microbiota on the outcome this immunotherapy has attracted much attention. For example, intestinal microorganisms play a key role in effectiveness programmed cell death 1 (PD1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) blockade. Additionally, short-chain fatty acids produced gut may ...

Advanced melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer characterized by low survival rates. Less than 50% advanced patients respond to current therapies, and those that do respond, many present with tumor recurrence due resistance. The immunosuppressive tumor-immune microenvironment (TIME) remains a major obstacle in therapy. Adjuvant treatment modalities enhance anti-tumor immune cell function...

Abstract Atypical B cells are generated during a normal adaptive immune response, yet the role of these in protective immunity is still largely unknown. Here, we used chronic Plasmodium falciparum exposure as model to gain insight into function and potential heterogeneity atypical response infection. To this end, performed single-cell sequencing on circulating from malaria-experienced individua...

Ex vivo activation and expansion of lymphocytes for adoptive cell therapy has demonstrated great success. To improve safety and therapeutic efficacy, increased antigen specificity and reduced non-specific response of the ex vivo generated immune cells are necessary. Here, using a complete protein-spanning pool of pentadecapeptides of the latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) of Epstein-Barr virus ...