BACKGROUND Melancholia is a kind of depression with the most common symptoms of evident mental disorder, slimness, lack of enjoyment, feeling guilty and having no appetite. In modern medicine, the word "melancholia" only refers to mental and affective symptoms of depression. However, historically, it could have physical symptoms as well as mental symptoms and the atrabilious situations were cat...

avicenna has presented some divisions of happiness: at the first he defines it as favorite thing per se (intrinsically), and goal in itself. he divides also happiness in one respect into two kinds; the first one is happiness in relation to different powers of soul, and the other is happiness in relation to soul itself. from the other viewpoint he divides happiness into bodily and spiritual and ...

to analyze the dialectical reasoning, in topics, aristotle reduces any dialectical proposition to a subject which is ‘species’ and a predicate which is either ‘definition’ , ‘genus’, (‘difference’,) ‘property’, or ‘accident’, and then he says that the ten categories provide the matters of these predicables. porphyry in isagoge substitutes the ‘species’ for the ‘definition’ and exhibites these f...

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since ethics is one of the subdivisions of practical wisdom, islamic philosopher’s view point is very important in explanation of theoretical and practical reason. this paper is going to analyze the distinction between practical and theoretical reason from haeri’s point of view. in order to finding the roots of his issue, at the beginning we will propose the idea of philosophers like farabi, ib...

Let IBn be the set of all irreducible matrices in Bn and let SIBn be the set of all symmetric matrices in IBn. Finding an upper bound for the set of indices of matrices in IBn and SIBn and determining gaps in the set of indices of matrices in IBn and SIBn has been studied by many researchers. In this paper, we establish a best upper bound for the set of weak exponents of indecomposability of ma...

the human knowledge on orthopedics traces back to dawn of the medical history. during the history of medicine, several scholars including persian scientists investigated orthopedics and contributed to its flowering. abu ali al-hussain ibn abdullah ibn-sina is a great persian physician whose opinions on various aspects of medicine, including the science of orthopedics, are so remarkable. in this...

The current research aims to identify the effect of strategy directing thinking during reading (D-R-T-A) on achievement fifth-grade literary students in literature and texts. experimental group who study texts using average scores control same subject usual way. researchers adopted design with partial control, consisting an a post-achievement test, community consisted secondary preparatory scho...