Environmental gradients are important factors that can potentially influence the genetic diversity and differentiation of populations. The present study examines effect environmental heterogeneity Hyrcanian forests on populations Circaea lutetiana L. (Onagraceae). Using morphometrics, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) leaf epidermis, molecular markers, we analyzed among nine from environmental...

Research Highlights: Fine roots play an important role in plant growth as well carbon (C) and nutrient cycling terrestrial ecosystems. Gaining a wider knowledge of their dynamics under forest gap opening would improve our understanding soil input below-ground stock accumulation. Single-tree selection is increasingly recognized alternative regime cutting sustaining biodiversity stock, along with...

Variations in fruits morphology of Tilia spp. were studied along longitudinal and altitudinal range. Ten populations of Tilia spp.from Golestan, Mazandaran and Gilan Provinces (N. Iran) were selected. After biometrical measurements and Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM), Cluster Analysis divided the population into seven groups. Discriminat Analysis showed that among all traits studied, size o...

The area of natural forest in Iran is approximately 12.4 million hectares, comprising 7.5%  of the total area of Iran. Forest management in the country was changed to the legislature after order of the Forest Nationalization Law in 1963. With  civilization development, pressure on forests was significantly increased. In the early  20th century a system of development planning began as a series ...

The Hyrcanian forests of Iran are mainly managed with the single-selection silvicultural technique. Despite significant ecological benefits associated selection cutting, this type forest management leads towards more challenging situations where it is difficult to maintain and practice successful forestry than in even-aged systems. Therefore, study provides relevant tools form models estimate l...