In 1929, Leó Szilárd invented a feedback protocol1 in which a hypothetical intelligence—dubbed Maxwell’s demon—pumps heat from an isothermal environment and transforms it into work. After a long-lasting and intense controversy it was finally clarified that the demon’s role does not contradict the second law of thermodynamics, implying that we can, in principle, convert information to free energ...

In modern Chinese, the verb “至于” (zhì yú) exhibits prominent subjective language characteristics. Apart from indicating degree, differs semantically other words in semantic field of “degree” by emphasizing unexpected outcomes a point view. The subjectivity speaker’s perspective, emotions and expressions “I think” attitudes disapproval towards other’s behavior are conveyed. selection sentence st...

This paper explores the use of a particle filter—a data assimilation method—to incorporate real-time into an agent-based model. We apply method to simulation real pedestrians moving through concourse Grand Central Terminal in New York City (USA). The results show that filter does not perform well due (i) unpredictable behaviour some and (ii) because optimise categorical agent parameters ...

the purpose of this study was to compare various direct techniques of measuring attitudes toward risk. the equally likely certainty equivalent with a purely hypothetical risky prospect (elce-ph), the equally likely certainty equivalent with a hypothetical but realistic risky prospect (elce-r) and probability of winning demanded (pwd) models were used to elicit the risk attitude of a sample ...

The possible relation of the wave nature particles to gravitation as an emergent phenomenon is addressed. Hypothetical are considered spatially confined oscillations (SCOs) and constructed through superposition plane waves. effect a continuously changing refractive index (speed propagation field) on SCOs calculated continuous Ibn-Sahl--Snell law refraction derived. Refracted constituents in inh...

We study a term assignment for an intuitonistic fragment of the Logic of Proofs (LP). LP is a refinement of modal logic S4 in which the assertion 2A is replaced by [[s]]A whose intended reading is “s is a proof of A”. We first introduce a natural deduction presentation based on hypothetical judgements and then its term assignment, which yields a confluent and strongly normalising typed lambda c...

Prediction markets and other reward mechanisms based on proper scoring rules can elicit accurate predictions about future events with public outcomes. However, many questions of public interest do not always have a clear answer. For example, facts such as the effects of raising or lowering interest rates can never be publicly verified, since only one option will be implemented. In this paper we...

This paper addresses a limitation of most deductive database systems: They cannot reason hypothetically. Although they reason eeectively about the world as it is, they are poor at tasks such as planning and design, where one must explore the consequences of hypothetical actions and possibilities. To address this limitation, this paper presents a logic-programming language in which a user can cr...

What is the proper explanation of intuitionistic hypothetical judgment, and thence propositional implication? The answer is unclear from the writings of Brouwer and Heyting, who in their lifetimes propounded multiple (sometimes conflicting) explanations of the hypothetical judgment. To my mind, the determination of an acceptable explanation must take into account its adequacy for the expression...

Abstract The hypothetical human exploration and inhabitation on Mars would certainly be difficult as the planet itself is vulnerable to outer space radiation. radiation consists of solar particle events (SPEs) that could easily penetrate very thin atmospheric layers Mars. Since sulfur concrete identified feasible in situ building material Mars, its shielding capability yet clarified. Here we re...