Circadian rhythms in glucocorticoids are the product of interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the mammalian clock gene system. The adrenal clock can generate the glucocorticoid rhythm that in turn synchronizes other peripheral clocks to maintain homeostasis. Stress acutely activates and chronically upregulates the HPA axis, suggesting that the adrenal clock coul...

Stress accompanies the life of humans and other organisms affecting various physiological processes predominately including the activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), which results in an excessive stimulation of the adrenal glands and the release of catecholamines and glucocorticoids (1, 2). Stress of diverse etiology is a wellrecognized factor that impairs the integrity of ga...

Hypothalamic-Adenohypophyseal Disorders • Selegiline Treatment of Canine Pituitary‐Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism • Selegiline Effects on Responses to Medetomidine, Oxymorphone, or Butorphanol in Dogs • Double Pituitary Adenoma Associated With Diabetes Mellitus and Hyperadrenocorticism • Effects of Budesonide on Hypothalamic‐ Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis in Dogs Tests of Thyroid Function • Thyroid Ho...

Opioids have been the mainstay for pain relief and palliation over a long period of time. They are commonly abused by drug addicts and such dependence usually imparts severe physiologic effects on multiple organ systems. The negative impact of opioids on the endocrine system is poorly understood and often underestimated. We describe a patient who developed severe suppression of the hypothalamic...

BACKGROUND The question of hormonal dysregulation in patients with CRPS I in whole was investigated very scantily. There are only a few studies concerning catecholamines, oestrogens and endorphins independently. Other hormones were studied in patients with different other chronic pain conditions. Considering the accumulation of sufficient knowledge about the role of disadaptation processes in C...

Summary The pandemic caused by COVID-19 infection almost two years ago is associated with many unknown multi-organ damages, including the endocrine system. Based on fact that gland tissues express ACE-2 and TMPRSS2, it has been suggested they may be directly attacked virus cause toxic effects them or indirectly an autoimmune mechanism. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones are crucial fo...

Inflammation-related dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is central to the course of systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis. The underlying mechanisms, however, are not well understood. Initial activation of adrenocortical hormone production during early sepsis depends on the stimulation of hypothalamus and pituitary mediated by cytokines; in late sepsis, t...

Introduction: Several researches have reported that stress is able to inhibit the development of morphine tolerance via activating of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. In the present study we tried to examine the effect of epinephrine, the product of adrenal medulla, on the development of morphine tolerance. Methods: Analgesic tolerance was induced by intrathecal (i.t.) injection of...

Glucocorticoids play a critical role in control of the cytokine response after immune challenge. Conversely, cytokines modulate glucocorticoid production by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. To define the potency and mechanism of interleukin-6 (IL-6) for augmentation of adrenal function, we exploited mice deficient in corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), IL-6, or both. Mice deficient i...

Epilepsy is a non-communicable brain disorder characterized by an individual's proclivity for spontaneous epileptic seizures. may be classified into six types: genetic, structural, metabolic, infectious, immune-related, and unexplained causes. Numerous current findings have shown evidence that imbalance in the gut microbiota cause of epilepsy. Between systems, there are five putative communicat...