Hyponatremia is a frequent electrolyte disorder. A hyponatremia is called acute severe (<115 mM) when the duration has been <36 to 48 h. Such patients often have advanced symptoms as a result of brain edema. Acute severe hyponatremia is a medical emergency. It should be corrected rapidly to approximately 130 mM to prevent permanent brain damage. In contrast, in chronic severe hyponatremia (>4 t...

Hyponatremia is the most common and by far underestimated electrolyte disorder in clinical practice. Especially in elderly patients, treatment of symptomatic hyponatremia is challenging. Herein we describe the case of an octogenarian with recurrent symptomatic hyponatremia due to idiopathic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone release (SIADH). Fluid restriction was insufficient to pre...

Hyponatremia is a common electrolyte disorder among hospitalized patients and has been associated with increased mortality. Most patients are asymptomatic, but many do present with symptoms, usually of a generalized neurologic nature. Based-on medical history, physical examination (including volume-status assessment), and laboratory tests, patients can be classified as having either hypervolemi...

Hyponatremia is a rare, yet potentially life threatening complication of antipsychotics. Here, we report a case of a 45-year-old female diagnosed with schizophrenia who developed hyponatremia soon after addition of olanzapine to the existing treatment. This prompted us to evaluate the relationship between hyponatremia and olanzapine, as timely management is crucial. Naranjo algorithm establishe...

Hyponatremia is especially common in older people. Recent evidence highlights that even mild, chronic hyponatremia can lead to cognitive impairment, falls and fractures, the latter being in part due to bone demineralization and reduced bone quality. Hyponatremia is therefore of special significance in frail older people. Management of hyponatremia in elderly individuals is particularly challeng...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to analyze the prevalence of hyponatremia and related 1-year outcomes of patients hospitalized for decompensated heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in Turkish patients. METHODS A total of 500 hospitalized patients with HFrEF were consecutively included in a retrospective study at 19 participating hospitals. Patients were categorized acc...

BACKGROUND Hyponatremia predicts poor prognosis in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). However, the association of the severity of hyponatremia and changes of serum sodium levels with long-term outcome has not been delineated. METHODS AND RESULTS The study population was drawn from the HARVEST registry (Heart Failure Registry of Taipei Veterans General Hospital), so that patients hospita...

For those who are not electrolyte enthusiasts, hyponatremia can be a frustrating disorder. Dealing with hyponatremia means considering various and often opposite scenarios. Does the patient have hypovolemic, euvolemic, or hypervolemic hyponatremia? Is it acute or chronic? Symptomatic or asymptomatic? Do I want to correct rapidly or more slowly? Shall I give normal saline, hypertonic saline, or ...

AIM to comparise the prevalences of hyponatremia between elderly and younger patients in hospital inpatients and outpatients setting. METHODS this study was done using cross-sectional design. Medical records of all adult patients (age of more than 13 years) from March 2008 to March 2009 in Siloam Hospital Lippo-Village whose sodium plasma level data were recorded. The patients were divided in...

Rapid correction of hyponatremia is known to cause central pontine myelinolysis (CPM). It may concurrently involve other areas of brain as well, referred as extra-pontine myelinolysis (EPM). Isolated EPM however is a very rare occurrence. We present a case of EPM where the hyponatremia was secondary to hypothyroidism due to empty sella syndrome. Chronic hyponatremia should always be corrected s...