Hydroxy acids (HAs) represent a class of compounds which have been widely used in a number of cosmetic and therapeutic formulations in order to achieve a variety of beneficial effects for the skin. We review and discuss the most frequently used classes of these compounds, such as α-hydroxy acids, β-hydroxy acids, polyhydroxy acids, and bionic acids, and describe their applications as cosmetic a...

Contractions of isolated iris sphincter muscles were measured in response to several free fatty acids, hydroperoxy and hydroxy derivatives of 20 :3(n-3), 20 :3 (n-6) and 20 :4, PGH2, and the epoxy methano analogs of PGH2 . The free acids of prostaglandin precursors elicited comparatively strong contractions, hydroperoxy and hydroxy acids gave intermediate and nonspecific response whereas nonpro...

Urine from patients with ketoacidosis was found to contain a number of aliphatic 3-hydroxy dicarboxylic acids. The acids were purified by silicic acid chromatography and their structures determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of different derivatives. The major compound was 3-hydroxydecanedioic acid. Minor compounds were 3-hydroxyoctanedioic acid, 3-hydroxyoctenedioic acid, 3-hydrox...

The cellular fatty acid composition of Aureispira marina IAM 15389T (JCM 23197T), a gliding bacterium isolated from the coastline Thailand, was re-examined by using standard MIDI method based on alkaline hydrolysis, and two other methods. direct transesterification 5% HCl/methanol or 4 M HCl hydrolysis followed methyl esterification revealed that 2-hydroxy-15-methyl-hexadecanoic (2-OH-iso-C17:0...

The neutral lipids of Acholeplasma axanthum contain carotenoid pigments, as evidenced by spectral characteristics, visual color, color reactions, and labeling with [2-14C-A1mevalonic acid. Approximately 80% of the label from [2-14C]mevalonic acid appeared in esterified fatty acids of the glycolipids and polar lipids. These carboxylic acids behaved as hydroxy acids of varying chain length.

We have previously demonstrated that the rat brain contains three unconjugated bile acids, and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) is the most abundantly present in a tight protein binding form. The ratio of CDCA to the other acids in rat brain tissue was significantly higher than the ratio in the peripheral blood, indicating a contribution from either a specific uptake mechanism or a biosynthetic pat...

Hydroxy amino acids (HAAs) are of unique value in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry with antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer properties. At present, hydroxylated most studied tryptophan, lysine, aspartic acid, leucine, proline, etc., some their derivatives. The hydroxylation is inextricably linked to catalysis various biological enzymes, such as tryptophan hydroxylase, L-pip...

We report the first rationally designed (S)-selective MenD from E. coli for the synthesis of functionalized α-hydroxy ketones. By mutation of two amino acids in the active site stereoselectivity of the (R)-selective EcMenD (ee > 93%) was inverted giving access to (S)-5-hydroxy-4-oxo-5-phenylpentanoate derivatives with stereoselectivities up to 97% ee.

BACKGROUND: 3 -Hydroxy-C27-steroid oxidoreductase (HSD3B7) deficiency, a progressive cholestatic liver disease, is the most common genetic defect in bile acid synthesis. Early diagnosis is important because patients respond to oral primary bile acid therapy, which targets the negative feedback regulation for bile acid synthesis to reduce the production of hepatotoxic 3 -hydroxybile acids. These...

Four members of globomycin, SF-1902 A2, A3, A4a and A4b were newly isolated from the culture of Streptomyces hygroscopicus SF-1902. These minor components shared four amino acids in common and the fifth was either valine or allo-isoleucine. The fatty acid moiety varied from 3-hydroxy-2-methylheptanoic acid in A2 to 3-hydroxy-2-methylundecanoic acids in A4b. The length of alkyl chain greatly aff...