HOX genes convey positional identity that leads to the proper partitioning and adult identity of the female reproductive track. Abnormalities in reproductive tract development can be caused by HOX gene mutations or altered HOX gene expression. Diethylstilbestrol (DES) and other endocrine disruptors cause Müllerian defects by changing HOX gene expression. HOX genes are also essential regulators ...

Introduction: There has been a scarcity of cases of isolated fallopian tubes torsion in the literature. Case Description: Isolated fallopian tube torsion in a 27-year-old woman was associated with a hydrosalpinx. Laparoscopic detorsion of the right fallopian tube was performed within 24 hours of the onset of clinical symptoms. Surgical management was based on evaluation of tubal status and visu...

Ovary Functional/physiological cysts Benign tumours/cysts Borderline/malignant tumours Endometrioma Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome Metastatic ovarian tumours (e.g. breast, colon) Uterus Pregnancy Fibroids (e.g. pedunculated, broad ligament) Fallopian tube Hydrosalpinx Tuboovarian abscess Ectopic pregnancy Fimbrial cyst Fallopian tube carcinoma Abstract The presence of a pelvic mass is a comm...

Clinical presentation of an adnexal mass is often non-specific and may mimic a range of gynecological pathology, as well as renal or gastrointestinal causes of lower abdominal pain. While a common entity, its association with a fallopian tube pathology is very uncommon. Imaging such as ultrasound has been diagnostic in the evaluation of a pelvic mass, and has been reported as assisting the diag...