Car cabins are transient, non-uniform thermal environments, both with respect to time and space. Identifying representative locations for the Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system sensors is an open research problem. Common sensor positioning approaches are driven by considerations such as cost or aesthetics, which may impact on the performance/outputs of the HVAC system and t...

The thermal environment and air quality in a passenger car can affect driver's and passengers' health, performance and comfort. Due to spatial and temporal variation of state variables and boundary conditions in the vehicle cab, the heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) does not have to be designed to provide a uniform environment, especially because of individual differences regardi...

Persistent monitoring of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) within and around buildings and structures is critical to reduce risk of indoor health concerns. Specifically, IAQ issues in large integrated buildings may stem from inadequate ventilation and/or faults in the complex HVAC systems that together with control and communication systems can be considered as complex Cyber Physical Systems (CPSs). We ...

In the early years, the primary focus of the HVAC industry was simply on finding a refrigerant that would provide effective cooling. Many of the early refrigerants such as sulfur dioxide, methyl chloride and ammonia met that objective but posed safety hazards due to their toxicity or high flammability potential. In the 1930s, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerants were introduced as safe alterna...

Due to at least two reasons, energy consumption for heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) and domestic hot water (DHW) systems should be reduced. First, the total energy consumption is high since nearly 20% of total energy in USA is accounted for HVAC systems. Sencond reason is exploitation of renevable energy sources, which depend on current time and weather situation. Thus, the energy...

This paper presents an engineering application of optimization method for energy conservation in condenser water loop operation in HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) systems. Based on the analysis of component model characteristics and interactions within the cooling tower and between towers and chillers, an objective function, which minimizes the operating costs through optimal s...

HVAC commissioning has come to be recognized as most important process needed for design, construction and operation and maintenance of HVAC system to realize owners true project intent and establish energy saving and sustainable operation and management of the building system. The author first introduce basic concept of commissioning and its actual procedure to be executed at each phase of bui...

The carbon dioxide concentration in rooms with varying number of people is an important safety and comfort factor. Its control via ventilation is accompanied by two drawbacks the increased energy consumption and dependence on the quality of the fresh air used. Fuzzy logic can ensure energy efficient control of the carbon dioxide concentration. The aim of the present research is to develop a des...