Introduction: Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan is an obligation for all adult, healthy Muslims. As several studies have indicated, both fasting and energy restriction can alter thyroid hormone metabolism and affect the clinical features and well-being of hypothyroid patients. Hypothyroidism is more prevalent among women and the elderly. Its prevalence has been reported to be 4-8% of the...

* Egyptian sculpture has created statues and reliefs with deformations similar to morphological changes such as found in human schistosomiasis; characteristics of splenomegaly have been depicted in naturalistic reliefs and also symbolically in order to indicate assumed qualities of deities. Such statues show usually to some degree a transformation from male to morphological female features as i...

neonate ruminants possess little cell-wall and starch degrading enzyme activity. importantly, early establishment of fibrolytic, amylolytic, and proteolytic capacities is influential for the early expansion of the reticulorumen epithelia. such an early development in reticulorumen fermentation will enable a timely hepatic adaptation to volatile fatty acids assimilation. the early nutrient relea...

Influenza type A viruses affect humans and other animals and cause significant morbidity, mortality and economic impact. Influenza A viruses are well adapted to cross species barriers and evade host immunity. Viruses that cause no clinical signs in wild aquatic birds may adapt in domestic poultry to become highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses which decimate poultry flocks. Viruses that cau...

to find the prevalence of domestic and wild animal bites in general, and that of rabies disease in human,in particular in kerman province, southeastern iran, a retrospective study was conducted. the necessary dataincluding residence place (urban or rural) of bitten persons, age and job of people were collected during a 10-year period from 21 march 1994 to 21 march 2003 from all regional cities ...

The oldest known transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) is scrapie which affects sheep and occasionally goats. This disease already seems to have been an animal health issue of agricultural importance in the 18th Century, as suggested by this observation by Claridge (1795): ‘This disorder has been known to be fatal to the greatest part of a flock and is considered as the most calamitous ...

Lewis et al. (1) state that compared to the fairly large number (> 400) of known rodent carcinogens, only a relatively small number of compounds (-20-30) have been shown to be carcinogenic in humans. From this comparison, the authors seem to infer that animal bioassay cancer findings overpredict for human carcinogens. Of course, for most animal carcinogens there are no available epidemiologic d...