There are numerous common skin disorders involving hyperpigmentation, including solar lentigines, postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, freckles, and dyschromia from photoaging. While these conditions are of an aesthetic nature, there is great interest in newer, safer, and more effective treatment modalities. Topical hydroquinone (HQ) has been the gold standard of skin lighteners for man...

PURPOSE To synthesize the direct clinical evidence relating waiting times (WTs) for radiotherapy (RT) to the outcomes of RT. METHODS AND MATERIALS We did a systematic review of the literature between 1975 and 2005 to identify clinical studies describing the relationship between WTs and outcomes of RT. Only high quality (HQ) studies that had adequately controlled for confounding factors were i...

Organisms theoretically manage their immune systems optimally across their life spans to maximize fitness. However, we lack information on (1) how the immune system is managed across life-history stages, (2) whether the sexes manage immunity differentially, and (3) whether immunity is repeatable within an individual. We present a within-individual, repeated-measures experiment examining life-hi...

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to identify apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) as a cardiac mitochondrial antioxidant and assess the efficacy of EUK-8, a salen-manganese catalytic free radical scavenger, to protect the AIF-deficient myocardium against pressure overload. BACKGROUND Oxidative stress has been postulated to provoke cell death and pathologic remodeling in heart failure. We rec...

Apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF) is a highly conserved, ubiquitous flavoprotein localized in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. In vivo, AIF provides protection against neuronal and cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. Conversely in vitro, AIF has been demonstrated to have a pro-apoptotic role upon induction of the mitochondrial death pathway, once AIF translocates to the nuc...

The kinetics and equilibria of binding of gallium(III) to the 8-hydroxyquinoline (HQ) have been investigated in water and in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles. Moreover, the pKA1 and pKA2 of HQ and first hydrolysis constant of Ga3+ ion have been measured in water and SDS solution. The analysis of the kinetic and thermodynamic behavior reveals that the reactive form of Ga(III...

INTRODUCTION The presence of heavy metals such as cadmium in drinking water resources can be dangerous for human because of toxicity and biological accumulation. The consumption of water which contains Cd in high concentration can lead to Bone and Kidney diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this present study, the researcher collected 432 samples of bottled water in the popular marks in summer a...

Benzene is strongly suspected of being an animal and human carcino gen, but the mechanisms by which benzene induces tumors of lymphoid and hematopoietic organs are unknown. Binding studies in vivo suggest a very low level of covalent binding to the DNA of bone marrow elements. Since several metabolites of benzene have the potential to undergo autooxidation and thereby generate reactive oxygen i...

STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. OBJECTIVE To define preoperative factors predicting clinical outcome after lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA LSS is the most common reason requiring lumbar spine surgery in adults older than 65 years. There are no published systematic reviews on this topic. METHODS A literature search was done until April 30, 2005. Included we...