We conduct a systematic empirical study of cross-sectional inequality in the United States, integrating data from the Current Population Survey, the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the Consumer Expenditure Survey, and the Survey of Consumer Finances. In order to understand how different dimensions of inequality are related via choices, markets, and institutions, we follow the mapping suggested ...

This paper proposes and analyzes a Social Security reform in which individuals no longer face the OASI payroll tax after, say, age 54 or a career of 34 years, and their subsequent earnings have no bearing on their benefits. We first estimate parameters of a life-cycle model. Our specification includes non-separable preferences and possible disability. It predicts a consumption-expenditure chang...

Natural disasters have been demonstrated to cause devastating effects on economic and social development in China, but little is known about the relationship between natural income at household level. This study explores impact of income, expenditure, inequality China as first this nature for country. The empirical analysis conducted based a unique panel dataset that contains six waves Chinese ...

BACKGROUND Universal health care systems seek to ensure access to care on the basis of need, rather than income, but there are concerns about preferential access to cardiovascular and specialist care for high income patients. In this study, I used population-based, individual-level health, income and utilization data to determine whether whether there is evidence for differential access to phys...

INTRODUCTION During the last few decades, healthcare expenditures (HCEs) have increased significantly in Iran and throughout the world. Understanding the determinants of such increases is essential to health policymakers in finding the best policies to manage healthcare costs. This study aimed to determine the impact of some of the key explanatory variables on household healthcare expenditures ...

Household data such as household expenditure data are widely used as a basis for policy decision making. Since Household data is often view as hierarchical structured data, with household nested in its district of residence area, both the district condition and its households influence each other. In this case, it is important to have contextual analysis to model the significance of district po...