We studied temporal integration by presenting sequences of orthogonal high-contrast sinusoidal gratings. In rapid alternation (38 Hz) gratings appear fused whereas at lower rates they appear segregated. To test whether afterimages are the source of the fused and segregated appearance, we probed the decay characteristics of a vertical grating's afterimage by flashing an otherwise identical horiz...

21 Neocortical neurons in vivo receive concurrent synaptic inputs from multiple sources, 22 including feedforward, horizontal, and feedback pathways. Layer 2/3 of the visual cortex 23 receives feedforward input from layer 4 and horizontal input from layer 2/3. Firing of the 24 pyramidal neurons, which carries the output to higher cortical areas, depends critically 25 on the interaction of these...

The genomic island SGI1 and its variants, the important vehicles of multi-resistance in Salmonella strains, are integrative elements mobilized exclusively by the conjugative IncA/C plasmids. Integration and excision of the island are carried out by the SGI1-encoded site-specific recombinase Int and the recombination directionality factor Xis. Chromosomal integration ensures the stable maintenan...

As health care reform continues its rollout in the US, restructuring the delivery system is a growing focus. With a surge in demand for care as a result of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), declining reimbursement rates from Medicare and Medicaid, and pressure for greater transparency in cost and quality, many health care organizations are assessing the potential rewards and...

A micro-pulse lidar at eye-safe wavelength is constructed based on an upconversion single-photon detector. The ultralow-noise detector enables using integration technique to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the atmospheric backscattering even at daytime. With pulse energy of 110 μJ, pulse repetition rate of 15 kHz, optical antenna diameter of 100 mm and integration time of 5 min, a horizont...

Most corporate entrepreneurship studies have focused on either innovation, venturing or strategic renewal making comparison between the antecedents of all three aspects of corporate entrepreneurship difficult. Moreover, studies on corporate entrepreneurship hardly address organizational antecedents, while simultaneously managing and organizing CE and mainstream activities has been seen as a maj...

We propose an aspect-oriented approach for the development of simulation software aiming at increasing the flexibility, the rapidity of development, and maintainability of simulation software. The horizontal decomposition method is used to separate the core functionality of the simulation application from simulation-specific cross-cutting concerns like distribution, tool integration, persistenc...

Horizontal gene transfer is a key step in the evolution of Enterobacteriaceae. By acquiring virulence determinants of foreign origin, commensals can evolve into pathogens. In Enterobacteriaceae, horizontal transfer of these virulence determinants is largely dependent on transfer by plasmids, phages, genomic islands (GIs) and genomic modules (GMs). The High Pathogenicity Island (HPI) is a GI enc...

Resources such as water taken up by plants can be released into soils through hydraulic redistribution and can also be translocated by clonal integration within a plant clonal network. We hypothesized that the resources from one (donor) microsite could be translocated within a clonal network, released into different (recipient) microsites and subsequently used by neighbor plants in the recipien...

We investigate the strategic incentives for partial vertical integration, namely, partial ownership agreements between manufacturers and retailers, when the retailers privately know their costs and engage in differentiated good price competition. The partial misalignment between the profit objectives within a partially integrated manufacturer-retailer hierarchy entails a higher retail price tha...