In the research area of historical documents it is of high interest to reconstruct the process of the emergence of a historical typesetted document. Therefore, the chronological order of the different versions of a typesetted document has to be reconstructed. This is done by manually finding differences in two versions and then deciding on the order between these two versions. In this paper we ...

Under the difficult access to finance of SMEs, they expect that its relationship with the banks shall constitute a real help to access appropriate financing, at reasonable costs and requirements, given the possibility of mutually beneficial and long lasting relation. The literature, but also the research we have carried on, is centered on such determinants as concentration and the length of the...

1 Hedging is an important topic for both financial practice and theory. The rational of hedging and the optimal hedging ratio is examined by many papers, but the choice of hedging instrument is much less investigated, or restricted to options and futures. In this paper we analyze different hedging strategies from the aspect of Hungarian exporters with a long euro position. We evaluate each stra...

Several digital libraries and archives are emerging around the world due to the need to store, organize and make available on the Web a lot of resource collections. However, managing this information poses new challenges in order to overcome traditional data management and information browsing. Semantic Web technologies can improve digital libraries and archives by facilitating metadata storage...

Many HOCR systems was developed for different foreign language and efforts on Indian script still verdant. Due to the varying writing style of each individual HOCR becomes a critical challenge since last few decades. India was known to world for its unity in diversity. The geographical and cultural vastness of the country various spoken languages and writing scripts were invented and utilized f...

The term "custom" in English jurisprudence has been applied to such diverse bodies of law as public international law, the custom of Britain's constitution, the international law of merchants and even the common law itself.' The judicial doctrine of custom is more precise. It is the doctrine by which ancient customs practiced by a definite community in a distinct geographical locale, though con...

Immigration to the UK, particularly among more educated workers, has risen appreciably over the past 30 years and as such has raised labor supply. However studies of the impact of immigration have failed to find any significant effect on the wages of native-born workers in the UK. This is potentially puzzling since there is evidence that changes in the supply of educated natives have had signif...

This paper presents a methodology for historical map registration with a multi-image affine transformation estimated with a simultaneous Least Squares independent model adjustment. The method is based on two set of equations for (i) image-to-ground and (ii) image-to-image points and provides the rectification parameters with a global approach where all the unknowns are simultaneously estimated....

This paper presents an automatic keyword extraction method from historical document images. The proposed method is language independent because it is purely appearance based, where neither lexical information nor any other statistical language models are required. Moreover, since it does not need word segmentation, it can be applied to Eastern languages where they do not put clear spacing betwe...

In this paper, an approach of principal component analysis (PCA) with local pixel grouping (LPG) is used to de-noising the noisy historical document image. This technique ensures the preservation of historic document image local structure. This is due to block matching based LPG which carries out classification to allow only the sample blocks with similar contents used in the calculation for PC...