Proof of stake is a consensus mechanism for digital currencies that is an alternative to proof of work used in Bitcoin. The main declared advantages of proof of stake approaches are the absence of expensive computations and hence a lower entry barrier for block generation rewards. In this report, we examine the pros and cons of both consensus systems and show that existing implementations of pr...

Good language learners slot in a repertoire of strategies and when language tests are at stake, test-taking strategies and test-wiseness pave pay to a prolific outcome. Among such tests, TOEFL iBT seems to be a prerequisite to academic success and a nightmare many Iranian students struggle with. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to raise awareness about the type of questions in iBT, b...

This study constitutes an attempt to see what Language assessment literacy (LAL) isfor three groups of stakeholders, namely LAL test developers, LAL instructors, andLAL test-takers. The perceptions of the former group were derived from the contentanalysis of the latest version of the LAL test, and those of the latter 2 groups wereassessed through a survey designed by the researcher. Participant...

In the 21st century, with rise of popularity standardized or large-scale tests, their high-stakes have started to be apparent. High-stake tests are not new, but in most cases, current use as social practice tends shape individuals’ futures. Currently new trend for quality discussion aims critically evaluate through focus on functions, and power testing discourse, whereas traditionally what was ...

Recovering American Literature by Peter Shaw; Beyond the Culture Wars: How Teaching the Conflicts Can Revitalize American Education by Gerald Graff; Cultural Capital: The Problem of Literary Canon Formation by John Guillory Review by: Barbara Foley The New England Quarterly, Vol. 68, No. 3 (Sep., 1995), pp. 458-479 Published by: The New England Quarterly, Inc. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/s...

Advanced high strength steels (AHSS) have recently attracted great attention because of their superior mechanical properties. A modern group of these steels, known as twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steels, shows a unique combination of strength and ductility even at high rates of strain. In order to examine the functionality of such steels in dynamic loading conditions, their mechanical beh...