the environmental scanning electron microscopy (esem) is a new development in the field of electron microscopy. in this study esem has been used to study the structure of veal semimembranosus muscle. four treatments, raw (control), conventional heating, domestic and industrial microwave heating, were observed using esem. the temperature used in conventional heating was 163 0c. frequency app...

Spalling of concrete in fire is due to dislodgement of small pieces of concrete. This phenomenon is one of the most detrimental effects causing damage or even failure of the concrete members during or after a fire by decreasing the residual mechanical properties and durability of the structure. In spite of many experimental and numerical studies, the real mechanism of spalling is still not well...

We have studied the photoinduced low spin (LS) to high spin (HS) conversion of aqueous Fe(bpy)3 with pulse-limited time resolution. In a combined setup permitting simultaneous X-ray diffuse scattering (XDS) and spectroscopic measurements at a MHz repetition rate we have unraveled the interplay between intramolecular dynamics and the intermolecular caging solvent response with 100 ps time resolu...

A single-crystal to single-crystal (SC-SC) transformation process driven by water molecules has been exhibited by a multi-metallic coordination polymer. The in situ heating single crystal X-ray diffraction technique was applied to study the control of metal ion movement in the reversible SC-SC transformation process.

Passive and active solar heating systems have drawn much attention and are widely used in residence buildings in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau due to its high radiation intensity. In fact, there is still lack of quantitative evaluation of the passive and active heating effect, especially for residential building in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau areas. In this study, three kinds of heating strategie...

Promising small-scale wood pellet heating systems with sizable market potentials have started to penetrate the residential heating market in Europe and elsewhere. Despite significant technological progress, cost reduction, improved convenience and reliability, and reduced environmental impact, diffusion of such systems will nonetheless take time. Framework and market conditions, and especially ...

A detailed design is presented of a tokamak power reactor with an electron cyclotron resonance heating system. Major research topics include: physics constraints imposed on the design of a reactor by the ECR wave absorption conditions; design of the high frequency (200 GHz) gyrotrons needed for plasma heating; the gyrotron power and magnet systems; a microwave transmission system in oversize wa...