A least-squares procedure to find the tilts, curvature, astigmatism, coma, and triangular astigmatism by means of measurements of the transverse aberrations using a Hartmann or Shack-Hartmann test is described. The sampling points are distributed in a ring centered on the pupil of the optical system. The properties and characteristics of rings with three, four, five, six, or more sampling point...

A variety of approaches to wavefront sensing and reconstruction are surveyed as they are used in adaptive optics and related applications. These include the Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm; shearing interferometry; and Shack-Hartmann, curvature, and pyramid wavefront sensing. Emphasis is placed on the relevant optics and mathematics, which are developed in some detail for Shack-Hartmann and curvatur...

Metal oxide surge arresters (ZNO) are used widely in power system to protect equipments from over voltages. Non uniform potential distribution leads to the depressed service life and low safe reliability, so grading ring is applied on HV surge arrester order to uniform the electric field distribution. One of the problems of arresters is leakage current in power frequency that different paramet...

In this study, Entropy generation in MHD convective flow past a flat porous oscillating plate with suction or injection are presented for an unsteady, one-dimensional of viscous incompressible fluid. The importance is noticed industrial and scientific fields including heat transfer thermal systems which includes dissipation, chemical reaction, mass transfer, electrical conduction etc. role para...

Antibacterial Coating on Stainless Steel In article number 2200251, Haiyue Huang, Erica M. Hartmann, Jiaxing and co-workers demonstrate an ultrathin, Cu-containing, conformal, continuous surface conversion layer that is grown stainless steel through a one-step solution-based treatment. It shows strong adherence to the substrate robust enough endure rubbing in simulated tests. Cu ions can be gra...

We present a design improvement for a recently proposed type of Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor that uses a cylindrical (lenticular) lenslet array. The improved sensor design uses optical binning and requires significantly fewer detector pixels than the corresponding conventional or cylindrical Shack-Hartmann sensor, and so detector readout noise causes less signal degradation. Additionally, de...