As the number of mixotrophic protists has been increasingly documented, “mixoplankton”, a third category separated from traditional categorization plankton into “phytoplankton” and “zooplankton”, become new paradigm research hotspot in aquatic ecology. While species dinoflagellates are dominant group among all recorded members mixoplankton, trophic modes Karlodinium, genus constituted cosmopoli...

An outbreak of harmful algal blooms (HABs) often leads to the death fish and other marine organisms causes serious losses human economic activities. Modified clay (MC) technology is an effective way control HABs. Although material preparation process are based on premise green safety, potential eco-environmental impacts MC non-target should still have receive attention before field applications...

Ships have a difficult time sampling the time and space scales relevant for understanding how physics and chemistry regulate marine ecosystems (National Research Council 2000, 2003, Figure 3.1); therefore the biology in the oceans is chronically undersampled. This is a major problem for policy makers and local governments charged with managing coastal resources who are increasingly being asked ...

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in freshwater ecosystems, especially of cyanobacterial species, are becoming more frequent and expanding geographically, including in Lake Erie in North America. HABs are the result of complex and synergistic environmental factors, though N or P eutrophication is a leading cause. With global mean temperatures expected to increase an additional 2 ̊C 5 ̊C by 2100, cyanob...

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been frequently occurred with releasing toxic substances, which typically lead to water quality degradation and health problems for humans aquatic animals. Hence, accurate quantitative analysis prediction of HABs should be implemented detect, monitor, manage severe blooms. However, the traditional monitoring required sufficient expense labor while numerical mode...

Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) have been classified depending on the causative organism and its impacts: non-toxic HAB (microalgae capable of affecting tourism causing oxygen deficiency, which generates mortality marine organisms), toxic transferring toxins to food chain), ichthyotoxic generating mechanical damage in fish). HABs represent a worldwide problem apparently increased frequency, intensi...

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are occurring more frequently in the world's oceans, probably as a consequence of climate change. HABs have not been considered serious concern Arctic, even though Arctic warms faster than any other region. While phycotoxins and toxin-producing phytoplankton found waters on several occasions, there is lack information seasonal succession species whether occurrence ha...

Modified clay (MC) technology is the most effective method to control harmful algal blooms (HABs) and has been widely testified in many countries recent decades. Although dissolved organic matter (dAOM) found be abundant HAB-affected waters, little known about its effect on MC flocculation. Prorocentrum donghaiense was chosen as model organism this study. The flocculation of with different conc...

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) caused by harmful cyanobacteria adversely impact the water quality in aquatic ecosystems and burden socioecological systems that are based on utilization. Currently, Korea uses Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code-National Institute of Research (EFDC-NIER) model to predict algae conditions respond through HAB alert system. This study aimed establish an additional deep l...