Traffic grooming is a central problem in optical networks. It refers to pack low rate signals into higher speed streams, in order to improve bandwidth utilization and reduce network cost. In WDM networks, the most accepted criterion is to minimize the number of electronic terminations, namely the number of SONET Add-Drop Multiplexers (ADMs). In this article we focus on ring and path topologies....

OBJECTIVE STIs are the most common infections among adults. Concurrently, pubic hair grooming is prevalent. Small-scale studies have demonstrated a relationship between pubic hair grooming and STIs. We aim to examine this relationship in a large sample of men and women. DESIGN We conducted a probability survey of US residents aged 18-65 years. The survey ascertained self-reported pubic hair g...

It is well established that grooming underpins sociality in group-living primates, and a number of studies have documented the stress-reducing effects of being groomed. In this study, we quantified grooming behaviour and physiological stress (assessed by faecal glucocorticoid analysis) in free-ranging Barbary macaques, Macaca sylvanus. Our results indicate that it is the giving rather than the ...

Traffic grooming is concerned with the design, operation, and control of networks with multigranular bandwidth demands. As the number of resources in a multigranular network increases rapidly with the network size, wavelength capacity, and load, a scalable framework for managing these entities becomes essential. Hierarchical traffic grooming facilitates the control and management of multigranul...

The paper proposed an efficient traffic grooming model for all optical networks. The model has low complexity and it can be easily implemented for traffic grooming problems. It is used to calculate the blocking probability of computer networks and then grooming problems are addressed based on the calculated blocking probability. Blocking probability is considered to be a major parameter during ...

The ancient mutualism between fungus-growing ants and the fungi they cultivate for food is a textbook example of symbiosis. Fungus-growing ants' ability to cultivate fungi depends on protection of the garden from the aggressive microbes associated with the substrate added to the garden as well as from the specialized virulent garden parasite Escovopsis. We examined ants' ability to remove alien...

The term ‘grooming’ has been used to describe the offender’s actions during the preparatory stage of sexual abuse. This article will argue that current discourses on grooming have created ambiguities and misunderstandings about child sexual abuse. In particular, the popular focus on ‘stranger danger’ belies the fact that the majority of children are abused by someone well known to them, where g...

Animals that maintain cooperative relationships show gains in longevity and offspring survival. However, little is known about the cognitive or hormonal mechanisms involved in cooperation. Indeed, there is little support for a main hypothesis that non-human animals have the cognitive capacities required for bookkeeping of cooperative exchanges. We tested an alternative hypothesis that cooperati...

Animal models are important tools to study the pathophysiology and pharmacology of neuropathic pain. This manuscript describes the surgical and behavioral procedures to study trigeminal neuropathic pain in rats. To meet the specificity of trigeminal neuropathic pain syndromes, the infraorbital nerve (IoN) is subjected to a chronic constriction injury (CCI) by loosely ligating the nerve. An intr...

Traffic grooming is widely employed to reduce the number of ADM’s and wavelengths. We consider the problem of grooming of dynamic traffic in WDM tree and star networks in this paper. To achieve better results, we used the bifurcation techniques to the grooming of arbitrary dynamic traffic in a strictly non-blocking manner in networks. Three splitting methods, including Traffic-Cutting, Traffic-...