Several of the world's great religions recommend a period of fasting or abstinence, and of these, the Islamic fast during the month of Ramadan is strictly observed. One whole month of intermittent fasting every year is particular to Islam. The experience of fasting teaches Muslims self­ discipline and self-restraint and reminds them of the feel­ ings of the impoverished. Fasting is not obligato...

Background: Externalization of PS (EPS) is considered as a sign of early apoptosis. In addition, EPS also occurs during capacitation and the acrosome reaction. During this study we aimed to evaluate the relationship between EPS and fertilization, embryo quality and pregnancy outcomes in couples who were candidates for ICSI. Materials and Methods: Semen samples (n = 43) were collected from infer...

Second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure is high among UK Bangladeshi and Pakistani populations, reflecting higher male smoking prevalence and fewer home smoking restrictions than the general population. The Muslim Communities Learning About Second-hand Smoke (MCLASS) study explored the feasibility and acceptability of implementing SHS education in 14 UK mosques. Religious teachers (RTs) in seven inter...

Minbar is one of the most important additional architectural elements of any mosque. Its importance in emphasizing the Qiblah direction as well as the position of Imam in order to deliver sermon (khutba) leads to the flourish and interference of a fairly large number of handicrafts like wooden decorations and related features specific to the mosque architecture like tile works and stucco design...

moving toward third millennium is characterized by capabilities in transforming human life. specially, development of information technologies in everyday life lead to great changes in communication tools andour current understanding ofurban social life. indeed, telecommunications because of independency from time—space constraints, provide a new unlimited space for social interactions in globa...

Scholars and architects have long admired the urban structure of the five towns of the Oued M'zab Valley. Originally built by the Hybadites, a schismatic sect of Muslims, the towns con­ sist of stratified masses of houses on rocky peaks, each dominated by a mosque and minaret, elevated on the skyline like a divine finger. Many common points may be discerned between the tendencies of contemporar...

the present study used different categories of organized sector manufacturing industries pooled data for the periods of 1981-82 and 2007-08 in haryana state (india). the present undertaking seeks to analyze the inter-temporal and inter-industry comparison of total factor productivity (tfp) measured by malmquist productivity index - an application of dea which calculates the indices of tfp and i...